Cándido Bareiro

Cándido Pastor Bareiro Caballero (October 27, 1833, in Luque Paraguay – September 4, 1880, in Asuncion, Paraguay) was President of Paraguay from 27 November 1878 to 4 September 1880 and the leading politician of the post-war decade.

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bareiro and the second or maternal family name is Caballero.
Cándido Pastor Bareiro Caballero
8th President of Paraguay
In office
November 25, 1878 – September 4, 1880
Vice PresidentAdolfo Saguier
Preceded byHiginio Uriarte
Succeeded byBernardino Caballero
Personal details
Born(1833-10-27)October 27, 1833
Luque
DiedSeptember 4, 1880(1880-09-04) (aged 46)
Asuncion
NationalityParaguayan

Bareiro served as ambassador and commercial agent for the Paraguayan government of Francisco Solano López government in Europe.

During the last months of Paraguayan War he returned to Paraguay in 1869 and entered politics, where he started a political movement that would result in creation of the Colorado Party. A strong ally of General Bernardino Caballero, he was elected President in 1878 with Caballero's help and died from a stroke after two years in office.[1]

Early life

Son of Jose Luis Bareiro Montiel and Felipa Mayor Dolores Caballero he was the grandson of the famous Paraguayan founding father of Independence, Pedro Juan Caballero. He went to a school managed by the Argentine teacher Juan Pedro Escalada. Bareiro benefited from the opening to the world which was initiated by the regime of Carlos Antonio López, with a group of other Paraguayan students on June 2, 1858, he sailed to Europe, where in London he finished his studies. He returned home in the middle of December 1863 and received a bonus of 200 pesos. In May 1865 he was awarded with the National Order of Merit.

The Uruguayan writer Jose Carranza Sienra, who met him at the start of the Paraguayan War, said of Bareiro:

... he has a clear talent, an illustration of anything vulgar, a simple and sympathetic look

— Jose Carranza Sienra

Political biography

On March 21, 1864, government appointed Cándido Bareiro as chargé d'affaires in the Paraguayan Embassy in London and Paris. He was relieved from his post in October 1867 due to inability to organize critically needed armament shipments to Paraguay.[2] By the time he managed to return to Asuncion in February 1869, the city was already occupied by the Allied armies.

Bareiro faction

Around him quickly gathered the remaining Lopez loyalists who on March 31, 1869, founded the Republican Union Club which in early 1870 become the Club del Pueblo and after February 17, 1878 Club Libertad and who published their newspaper La Voz del Pueblo.

Bareiro faction was also known as lopiztas because of their loyalty to the memory of President Lopez and it was opposed to the Decoud faction who had established their rival Club del Pueblo (after March 23, 1870, the Gran Club del Pueblo). Both of these factions were crucial for the establishment of the Colorado Party in 1887.

Together with Bernardino Caballero he was one of the organizers of the revolt against the Presidency of Salvador Jovellanos. Despite this, after the removal of Benigno Ferreira in February 1874 he was appointed a Foreign minister by Jovellanos. In this capacity he went to London where he tried to negotiate the war loan payment crisis. He served as Minister of Finance of Paraguay during the Presidencies of Juan Bautista Gill and Higinio Uriarte from August 1876 to August 1878.[3]

President, 1878-80
Map of the disputed Chaco region
Lopez Palace in Asuncion

On November 25, 1878, he finally was elected to the presidency. His government included:

On October 1877 he had involved in the murders of imprisoned former President Facundo Machain and others suspected in the assassination of President Gill. In December 1878 he probably was involved in the assassination of former President Rivarola. His political ally Bernardino Caballero was the main organizer of these murders.[4] In June 1879 he suppressed the Galileo uprising led by the exiled Juan Silvano Godoi.

During his rule Paraguay won part of the disputed Gran Chaco territory. This decision was made by international commission led by the US President Rutherford Hayes, in whose honor Presidente Hayes Department was created. After this decision, the Decoud-Quijarro treaty was signed on 15 October 1879 that recognized Bolivia's claims to northern Chaco, but it was never ratified. Argentina handed over territory of the West Villa, currently Villa Hayes where the first ice factory of the country was established.

Despite being almost bankrupt, Government proceeded with the construction of the Palace of Lopez; the Nueva Germania was established, bringing German immigrants to Paraguay; Pedro Juan Aponte was appointed as the first post-war bishop of Paraguay and Argentine Penal Code adopted.

After Bareiro's death his vice-president Adolfo Saguier was prevented from assuming the presidency by a bloodless coup led on September 4, 1880, by Bernardino Caballero. Saguier was arrested and the Senate was informed that he has resigned. Caballero then was elected to thr presidency.

Controversial acts

Earlier in the year 1867 Solano Lopez thought in recommending Bareiro to the mission to travel to the United States to thank the authorities for their thoughtful participation. Unfortunately certain formalities were not entirely fulfilled by Bareiro. The Marshal had ignored a first act of disobedience on his part, but other events that occurred lacked accountability. Lopez ordered to delegate Benitez to Peru and to express the declaration of repudiation by the Paraguayan government towards the treaty of the Triple Alliance. Bareiro did not focus properly on the indication, so he recklessly send a letter, dated December 14, 1866.

It is said that one of the mistakes of Lopez was to choose Bareiro as Chargé d'affaires of Paraguay in Europe. Some accused him of the defeat of Paraguay in the war, since his mission was to travel to Europe to buy weapons, but these were lost because of his incompetence. All this had no justification whatsoever, so on January 20, 1868, Bareiro was forced to surrender his position.

Awards
  • 1865 – National Order of Merit.

References
  1. Rebirth of the Paraguayan Republic: The First Colorado Era, 1878-1904
  2. Historical Dictionary of Paraguay
  3. Ministerio de Hacienda de Paraguay. "Ministerio de Hacienda - Galería de Ministros y Sedes" (PDF). Ministerio de Hacienda.
  4. Historical Dictionary of Paraguay
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