Candidates Tournament 2016

The following were the final placings of players attempting to qualify by the 2015 rating lists.[18]

The list omits world champion Magnus Carlsen. Players who qualified for the Candidates Tournament by other means are shown with a shaded background. The two qualifiers by rating were Topalov and Giri (marked with a green background).

Player	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Average
Veselin Topalov	2800	2800	2798	2798	2798	2798	2816	2816	2816	2813	2803	2803	2804.92
Viswanathan Anand	2797	2797	2791	2791	2804	2804	2816	2816	2816	2803	2803	2796	2802.83
Fabiano Caruana	2820	2811	2802	2802	2803	2805	2797	2808	2808	2796	2787	2787	2802.17
Hikaru Nakamura	2776	2776	2798	2798	2799	2802	2814	2814	2814	2816	2793	2793	2799.42
Anish Giri	2784	2797	2790	2790	2776	2773	2791	2793	2793	2798	2778	2784	2787.25
Vladimir Kramnik	2783	2783	2783	2783	2777	2783	2783	2777	2777	2777	2796	2796	2783.17
Alexander Grischuk	2810	2810	2794	2794	2780	2781	2771	2771	2771	2774	2750	2747	2779.42
Levon Aronian	2797	2777	2770	2770	2776	2780	2765	2765	2765	2784	2781	2788	2776.50

For each player, the difference between wins and losses after each round is shown. The players with the highest difference for each round are marked with green background.

Final place	Player \ Round	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1	Sergey Karjakin (RUS)	=0	+1	+1	+2	+2	+2	+2	+2	+2	+2	+1	+2	+2	+3
2	Fabiano Caruana (USA)	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	+1	+1	+2	+2	+2	+2	+1
3	Viswanathan Anand (IND)	+1	+1	+1	=0	=0	+1	+1	+1	+2	+1	+2	+1	+1	+1
4	Peter Svidler (RUS)	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	–1	–1	–1	–1	–1	=0	=0	=0	=0
5	Levon Aronian (ARM)	=0	=0	+1	+1	+1	+2	+2	+2	+1	+1	=0	=0	=0	=0
6	Anish Giri (NED)	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0	=0
7	Hikaru Nakamura (USA)	=0	–1	–1	–1	–1	–2	–1	–2	–2	–2	–2	–1	=0	=0
8	Veselin Topalov (BUL)	–1	–1	–2	–2	–2	–2	–3	–3	–3	–3	–3	–4	–5	–5

The first round saw Anand beat Topalov after mutual blunders around move 20, then again around move 40, to get an early lead as all other games were drawn, two of them right at the (minimal) 30-move mark.[20][21]

Similarly went Round 2, with two of the 3 draws occurring in 30 moves, while Nakamura missed a tactic against Karjakin and played a large unforced blunder on move 29 resulting in loss.[22][23]

Round 3 saw both leaders draw, as Giri made two knight sacrifices before forcing an early draw by repetition against Karjakin, while Anand had a nagging edge against Caruana that eventually evaporated. Meanwhile, Aronian joined the leaders by beating a very off-form Topalov with Black, while Svidler as Black out-prepared Nakamura in a complicated Semi-Slav line to move 25, but failed to convert a pawn-up endgame in which Mark Dvoretsky questioned his lack of killer instinct.[24][25]

After a rest day, two of the leaders faced each other in Round 4, with Karjakin as White choosing a passive opening and coming up with an early novelty against Anand, and then saddling him with hanging pawns (see diagram). He then switched to a pressing endgame against Black's pawn weaknesses, and soon after the time control an Anand miscue led to his immediate resignation. This was Karjakin's first career victory over Anand at classical time controls.[26][27]

Nakamura and Giri drew in just over an hour in 30 moves in a game that might have been completely pre-analyzed, while Svidler and Aronian drew a rook ending at the time control. The game between Caruana and Topalov saw a Giuoco Pianissimo opening, before Topalov opened up the position and later blundered in time pressure, but Caruana spoiled a large advantage right after the time control by miscounting the pieces, and in the end a double rook endgame was drawn.

In Round 5, all the games were drawn, three of them at move 30 and the other at move 40.[28] Unlike the previous round, here when Karjakin himself had hanging pawns it did not matter (see diagram) and he drew comfortably.[29]

Round 6 had Svidler losing out of opening against Anand, while Karjakin held a materially imbalanced position to a draw against Caruana. The Topalov-Giri game saw a practical novelty already at move 3, with a resulting drawn knight endgame after the 60-move mark. In the game Aronian-Nakamura, Aronian nurtured an advantage for some time, but the endgame appeared to be drawn. But on move 74, Nakamura made a fingerfehler and touched his king, forcing him to make a losing move (see diagram). The incident was controversial as Nakamura initially tried to claim j'adoube, the international term to convey that one intends to adjust the piece, not move it.[30][31] This win brought Aronian into the lead with Karjakin, with Anand just behind, going into the second rest day.[32]

The tournament winner was decided in the final round game between Karjakin (playing white) and Caruana. Before this round, these were the only two players who could win the tournament, having 7.5 points each. For Caruana to win the tournament, he needed to win the game, or draw and rely on Anand to win with black against Svidler.[33]

Caruana chose the Sicilian Defence, signalling his intention to play for a win. Karjakin continued with the Open Sicilian. Caruana took the initiative and it appeared as if a win for black could be possible. His pawns were attacking the white king that had castled on the queenside. However, his own king had not castled and became a requirement for the defense of three pawns on d, e, and f file. Eventually, this weakness (aided by an imprecise move 36...Re4?) led to the collapse of the black defense. Caruana resigned on move 44, making Karjakin the winner and challenger for the World Chess Championship 2016.

Agon produced a legal position white paper (Shekhovtsov & Partners), asserting that chess fans should have to agree to terms and conditions that include not re-transmitting the moves elsewhere, before being allowed access.[43] This is in line with a 2011 European Chess Union memo that produced a legal opinion from Morten Sand, indicating that contract law formed a superior basis for exploiting the chess audiences, with the expectation that viewers could be made to bear 75 euros (each) for the world championships, so that "the financial upside is huge" to generate 750000 euros.[44]

The Bulgarian website Chessdom had the strongest editorial on the matter (from CEO Anton Mihailov), calling Agon's decision a multi-level blunder, even pointing out that Agon's decision actually violates Section 4.7.3.6.4.1 of the Candidates Regulations ("All live images, live broadcasting (Internet TV) pictures and all the other content for the full event details will be carried on the official domain [moscow2016.fide.com]. The organizer shall not develop any other website.").[45] However, this item is enforceable only between Agon and FIDE. Their main thrust though, was:

Millions of fans will not learn about this year’s Candidates matches because of AGON’s policy. Many will miss the live coverage and only learn about the games after the tournament is over, when Carlsen’s challenger is known. What is the commercial value of that? Can you calculate how much are the lost benefits for the sponsors of the event? And for the hosts? And for the players? And for the sponsors of the players?[45]

Additionally, Mihailov noted the lack of equality of arms in Agon's legal salvo: "With lawyer white paper threats you have cut any journalist’s right to properly cover the Candidates. While being with the law on their side, no sane journalist will risk losing time and/or money arguing with an organization."[45] Two more articles were swiftly published, including a polemic against AGON's monopolistic agenda.[46] Chessdom in the end did not broadcast live moves.

Chess.com had an article on the matter, couching their Candidates preview with "a remarkable decision by the organizers might well be the biggest story here", while noting that it personally "lacks the technology [for automated PGN relay] and always relies on volunteers to bring grandmaster games in Live Chess."[47]

In the Norwegian press, Magnus Carlsen was nonchalant toward the kerfuffle, saying that everyone could just watch the Agon broadcast, with their comments and computer evaluations.[48] However, NRK will also have move-by-move coverage on NRK.no, according to their own interview with him.[49]

ChessBomb published that it would not use the Agon site due to non-agreement with terms and conditions,[50] and asked for volunteers to seed their Tor setup (though later dropped this initiative).[51] Implicitly, this relied on the fact that the clickwrap license presented by Agon (or World Chess Events Limited) may not in fact be valid in every viewer locale, so by allowing information to be obtained and retransmitted without contractual obligation.[50] However, after a successful Round 1 broadcast, during Round 2 their live move transmissions were essentially halted, with looming legal threats.[52]

ChessBase ended up taking the threats seriously, which could have been to the dismay of Agon, as the official commentators (Alexandra Kosteniuk and Evgeny Miroshnichenko) were trying to use their software in Round 1. Instead, they had to switch to manual entry from ChessBomb.[53] Alleged violators included not only ChessBomb and Chessdom, but also ICC, Chess24, and Der Spiegel. Although the Terms and Conditions (#10) mention New York state law as applicable to those who signed up, Merenzon sent a cease and desist letter that invoked 10 years imprisonment under Russian law.[53] The specifying of choice of venue and choice of law in a contract of adhesion can also be in dispute.[54]

Agon also impeded the credentials of Salim Fazulyanov, allegedly as retaliation against his website Kavkaz-Chess.ru for being the first Russian site to publish Chessdom's open letter.[55]

Eventually Agon's own worldchess.com editorial staff broke ranks, declaring that an embargo was not the way to go, but a show.[56] The main argument is: holding all the trumps like live video and exclusive interviews with players (and other VIPs) should be enough, without resorting to legal blusterings. Before Round 2, Agon partially relented, dispensing with its presumptory 2-hour PGN embargo, designating the game's end instead.[57]

In round 1, the moves were carried live without restriction by official partner NRK.[49][58][59] About 45 minutes into second round, the NRK live move transmission became suspended, causing other sites to also experience confusion.[59] According to reporter Tarjei Svensen on Twitter, Agon was actively pursuing lawsuits against ChessBomb, Chess24, ICC, and ChessGames.com,[52] with the chilling effect of causing them to essentially suspend activity.[60] The Norwegian online newspaper site VG Direkte (also an official partner) initially stayed active (with the browsewrap language: "By viewing this page you expressly agree not to publish any information concerning the chess moves of the candidates tournament 2016 chess games until the end of such game"),[61] but then also suspended activity. Der Spiegel continued its live ticker of Aronian-Anand analysis throughout.[62]

After Round 2, Agon officially announced its rumored legal action against the above four broadcasters.[63]

The Guardian newspaper covered an exposé of the ruckus,[64] noting that Agon's tactics may be hoping to at least scare off its rivals and keep the big prize (coverage of the World Championship match with Carlsen) to itself.[65] Vladimir Kramnik was quoted from an ensuing interview as saying: "If you want to make chess professional, if you want to help chess to grow, you have to understand very clearly that the organiser of any chess tournament has full transmission rights. Because the organiser has invested a lot of money and effort to organise the tournament, morally and legally they have full rights over the live transmission."[66] Kramnik contended such control was the way football, tennis and other sports had become successful, and by doing the same, chess could jump to a totally different level. He also imposed his own view upon any end user's opinion of the coverage, declaring that "no one is suffering" from Agon's decision. Top organizer Stuart Conquest was also quoted: "However you look at it, pretty clear that start of Candidates has been a PR [press relations] disaster for organisers / Agon / FIDE."[67]

ChessBomb's whole site went down (due to a component upgrade gone wrong) 10 minutes into Round 3 without any moves having been shown, while Chess24 intermittently carried the moves of two of the four games (Giri–Karjakin and Nakamura–Svidler) in the early going. Chessgames.com similarly had Giri–Karjakin, while Der Spiegel had the Anand–Caruana game on their live ticker.[68] After rectification 10 minutes later, ChessBomb had all three of the above-mentioned games, and Chess24 quickly added Anand–Caruana also.

By round 4 the immediate frenzy appeared to have dissipated, as Grandmaster David Smerdon was given an all-clear from Agon (or World Chess Events Limited) to run a live blog.[69] However, the main sites were still lagging in their relays by about 20–25 minutes during the opening moves. The (Agon affiliated) sites NRK and VG Direkte relayed the games with a delay of about 20 minutes.[70] Later, at approximately an hour into the games, the alternative feeds were nearly keeping pace with Agon's site, though some slowdown sporadically remained. Agon boasted that PGNs were now going to be available as Flash Reports within minutes of the finish of each game.[71] Their own onsite live commentators were still having problems getting the moves to the games at some junctures.[72] Renowned trainer Mark Dvoretsky was deeply unsympathetic to Agon's position, particularly as the official site was so inconvenient to use, and he also mentioned the privacy issues with the necessity of registering there.[73]

Agon, through a company called Turnir Pretendentov LLC (the name meaning 'Candidates Tournament' in Russian) attempted to sue eLearning Ltd. for 20 million roubles, for the live broadcasting of the moves of the Candidates Tournament on chess24.com. Agon's legal claim was rejected in its entirety on 25 October 2016. Agon are also suing ChessGames and ChessBomb; the final hearings in these cases are due to take place on 17 January 2017 and 28 February 2017 respectively.[74]