The Californian Ideology

During the 1990s, members of the entrepreneurial class in the information technology industry in Silicon Valley vocally promoted an ideology that combined the ideas of Marshall McLuhan with elements of radical individualism, libertarianism, and neoliberal economics, using publications like Wired magazine to promulgate their ideas. This ideology mixed New Left and New Right beliefs together based on their shared interest in anti-statism, the counterculture of the 1960s, and techno-utopianism.[6]

Proponents believed that in a post-industrial, post-capitalist, knowledge-based economy, the exploitation of information and knowledge would drive growth and wealth creation while diminishing the older power structures of the state in favor of connected individuals in virtual communities.[7]

Critics contend that the Californian Ideology has strengthened the power of corporations over the individual and has increased social stratification, and remains distinctly Americentric. Barbrook argues that members of the digerati who adhere to the Californian Ideology, embrace a form of reactionary modernism. According to Barbrook, "American neo-liberalism seems to have successfully achieved the contradictory aims of reactionary modernism: economic progress and social immobility. Because the long-term goal of liberating everyone will never be reached, the short-term rule of the digerati can last forever."[8]

According to Fred Turner, sociologist Thomas Streeter of the University of Vermont notes that the Californian Ideology appeared as part of a pattern of Romantic individualism with Stewart Brand as a key influence.[9] Adam Curtis connects the origins of the Californian Ideology to the Objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand.[10]

While in general agreement with Barbrook and Cameron's central thesis, David Hudson of Rewired takes issue with their portrayal of Wired magazine's position as representative of every viewpoint in the industry. "What Barbrook is saying between the lines is that the people with their hands on the reins of power in all of the wired world...are guided by an utterly skewed philosophical construct." Hudson maintains that there is not one, but a multitude of different ideologies at work.[11]

Andrew Leonard of Salon calls the essay "a lucid lambasting of right-wing libertarian digerati domination of the Internet" and "one of the most penetrating critiques of neo-conservative digital hypesterism yet published." Leonard also notes what he refers to as the "vitriolic" response from Louis Rossetto, former editor and publisher of Wired magazine.[3]

Rossetto's rebuttal, also published in Mute, criticized the essay as showing "a profound ignorance of economics". Rossetto also criticized the essay's suggestion that "a uniquely European (but not even vaguely defined) mixed economy solution" would be better for the internet, arguing that Europe's technological development is hampered by "huge plutocratic organizations like Siemens and Philips [who conspire] with bungling bureaucracies to hoover up taxes collected by local and Euro-wide state institutions and shovel them into mammoth technology projects which have proven to be, almost without exception, disasters." and by "High European taxes which have restricted spending on technology and hence retarded its development".[4]

Gary Kamiya, also of Salon, recognized the validity of the main points in the essay, but like Rossetto, Kamiya attacked Barbrook and Cameron's "ludicrous academic-Marxist claim that high-tech libertarianism somehow represents a recrudescence of racism."[12]

Architecture historian Kazys Varnelis of Columbia University found that in spite of the privatization advocated by the Californian Ideology, the economic growth of Silicon Valley and California were "made possible only due to exploitation of the immigrant poor and defense funding...government subsidies for corporations and exploitation of non-citizen poor: a model for future administrations."[13]

In the 2011 documentary, All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace, Curtis concludes that the Californian Ideology failed to live up to its claims:

The original promise of the Californian Ideology, was that the computers would liberate us from all the old forms of political control, and we would become Randian heroes, in control of our own destiny. Instead, today, we feel the opposite—that we are helpless components in a global system—a system that is controlled by a rigid logic that we are powerless to challenge or to change.[10]

In 2015, Wired wrote that "Denounced as the work of 'looney lefties' by Silicon Valley's boosters when it first appeared, The Californian Ideology has since been vindicated by the corporate take-over of the Net and the exposure of the NSA's mass surveillance programmes."[14]

In 2022, Hasmet M. Uluorta and Lawrence Quill wrote that "The recent tech-lash, concerns over the gig-economy, and the dubious imperatives of datamining, require us to reconsider the prospects for open societies that rely upon platforms as we enter the next phase of the Californian Ideology."[15]

• Paulina Borsook, Cyberselfish (2000)
• Carmen Hermosillo
• Corporatocracy
• Cyber-utopianism
• Dark Enlightenment
• Dot-com company
• Intellectual property
• Libertarian transhumanism
• Surveillance capitalism
• Technocracy
• Technocapitalism
• Technolibertarianism
• The Venus Project

• Barbrook, Richard. Andy Cameron. (1996) [1995] "The Californian Ideology". Science as Culture 6.1 (1996): 44–72.
• Barbrook, Richard. Andy Cameron (1995) Basic Banalities.
• Barbrook, Richard (May 15, 1996). "Global Algorithm 1.5: Hypermedia Freedom". CTheory. Archived from the original on February 11, 2006.
• Barbrook, Richard. (2000) [1999]. "Cyber-Communism: How The Americans Are Superseding Capitalism In Cyberspace". Science as Culture. 9 (1), 5-40.
• Barbrook, Richard (2006). The Class of the New (paperback ed.). London: OpenMute. ISBN 0-9550664-7-6..
• Borsook, Paulina. (2000). Cyberselfish: A Critical Romp Through the Terribly Libertarian Culture of High Tech. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-891620-78-9.
• Curtis, Adam (2011). "Love and Power". All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace. BBC.
• Hudson, David. (June 24, 1996). "The Other Californians". Rewired: Journal of a Strained Net.
• Kamiya, Gary. (January 20, 1997). "Smashing the state: The strange rise of libertarianism". Salon.com.
• Leonard, Andrew. (September 10, 1999). "The Cybercommunist Manifesto". Salon.com.
• May, Christopher. (2002). The Information Society: A Sceptical View. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0745626858.
• Ouellet, Maxime. (2010). "Cybernetic capitalism and the global information society: From the global panopticon to a 'brand' new world". In Jacqueline Best and Matthew Paterson, Cultural Political Economy. 10. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-48932-6.
• Rossetto, Louis. (1996). "19th Century Nostrums are not Solutions to 21st Century Problems". Mute. 1 (4).
• Streeter, Thomas. (1999). 'That Deep Romantic Chasm': Libertarianism, Neoliberalism, and the Computer Culture. In Andrew Calabrese and Jean-Claude Burgelman, eds., Communication, Citizenship, and Social Policy: Re-Thinking the Limits of the Welfare State. Rowman & Littlefield, 49–64.
• Turner, Fred. (2006). From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-81741-5.
• Varnelis, Kazys. (2009). "Complexity and Contradiction in Infrastructure Archived 2017-04-09 at the Wayback Machine". Ph.D. Lecture Series. Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation.

• Barbrook, Richard. (2007). Imaginary Futures: From Thinking Machines to the Global Village. Pluto. ISBN 0-7453-2660-9.
• Dyson, Esther. George Gilder, George Keyworth, Alvin Toffler. (1994). "Cyberspace and the American Dream: A Magna Carta for the Knowledge Age". Future Insight. Progress & Freedom Foundation.
• Flew, Terry. (2002). "The 'New Empirics' in Internet Studies and Comparative Internet Policy". In Fibreculture Conference, 5–8 December, 5–8 December. Melbourne.
• Gere, Charlie. (2002). Digital Culture. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1861891431.
• Halberstadt, Mitchell. (January 20, 1997). "Beyond California". Rewired: Journal of a Strained Net.
• Hudson, David. (1997). Rewired. Macmillan Technical Pub. ISBN 1-57870-003-5.
• Lovink, Geert. (2009) [2002]. Dynamics of Critical Internet Culture (1994-2001). Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures. ISBN 978-90-78146-07-0.
• Pearce, Celia. (1996). The California Ideology: An Insider's View. Mute. 1 (4).

Wikiquote has quotations related to The Californian Ideology.

• The Californian Ideology at the Hypermedia Research Centre
• The Californian Ideology revised SaC version