BrahMos

The BrahMos (also designated as PJ-10)[14] is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, fighter aircraft or TEL. The BrahMos is notably the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.[15] It is a joint-venture between the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroyeniya, who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace.[16] The missile is based on P-800 Oniks.[17][18] The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.

BrahMos
BrahMos fired from land based mobile launcher
TypeCruise missile
Air-launched cruise missile
Anti-ship missile
Land-attack missile
Surface-to-surface missile
Submarine-launched cruise missile
Place of originIndia
Russia
Service history
In serviceNovember 2005
Used byIndian Army
Indian Navy
Indian Air Force
Philippine Marine Corps (on order)
Production history
DesignerDefence Research and Development Organisation,
NPO Mashinostroyeniya
ManufacturerBrahMos Aerospace Limited[1]
Unit costBrahMos: US$ 3.5 million
BrahMos-ER: US$ 4.85 million
VariantsShip-launched
Land-launched
Submarine-launched
Air-launched
BrahMos-ER
BrahMos-NG
BrahMos-II
Specifications
MassBrahMos: 3,000 kg (6,600 lb)
BrahMos-A: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb)
BrahMos-NG: 1,200–1,500 kg (2,600–3,300 lb)
LengthBrahMos: 8.4 m (28 ft)
BrahMos-NG: 6 m (20 ft)
DiameterBrahMos: 0.6 m (2.0 ft)
BrahMos-NG: 0.5 m (1.6 ft)
Warhead200–300 kg (440–660 lb) nuclear conventional semi-armour-piercing warhead[2]
Engine1st Stage:
Solid rocket booster [EEL][3]
2nd Stage:
Liquid rocket ramjet [NPO][3]
Propellant1st Stage: Solid fuel
2nd Stage: Liquid fuel
Operational
range
Ship platform: >500 km (310 mi)[4]

Land platform: >500 km (310 mi)[4]

Air platform: 450–500 km (280–310 mi)[5][6]

Export: 290 km (180 mi)[7]
Flight ceiling15 km (49,000 ft)[8]
Flight altitudeSea skimming, as low as 3—4 meters[2]
Maximum speed Mach 3[9]
Guidance
system
Mid-course: INS + SatNav
Terminal: Active radar homing[10][11]
Accuracy1 m CEP[12]
Launch
platform

The land-launched and ship-launched versions are already in service.[19] An air-launched variant of BrahMos which can be fired from the Su-30MKI appeared in 2012 and entered service in 2019.[20] A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7–8 to boost aerial fast strike capability. It was expected to be ready for testing by 2024.[21]

The missile guidance has been developed by BrahMos Aerospace.

In 2016, as India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of BrahMos missiles with 800 km range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy. Plans are to eventually upgrade all missiles to a range of 1,500 km.[22][23][24][25][26]

Origin

The BrahMos was developed from Russia's NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) P-800 Oniks family of cruise missiles,[27] through a joint venture between NPOM and India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), named BrahMos Aerospace. The company was established on 05 December 1995 with an authorised share capital of US$250 million. India holds 50.5% share of the joint venture and its initial financial contribution was US$126.25 million, while Russia holds 49.5% share with an initial contribution of US$123.75 million.[28][29][30][31]

Since late 2004, the missile has undergone several tests from a variety of platforms, including a land based test from the Pokhran range in the desert, in which the evasive[32] 'S' maneuver at Mach 2.8 was demonstrated for the Indian Army and a launch in which the land attack capability from sea was demonstrated.[33]

BrahMos is the world's fastest cruise missile in service
BrahMos missile at Republic day parade

Keltec (now known as BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Ltd or BATL), an Indian state-owned firm, was acquired by BrahMos Corporation in 2008.[34] Approximately ₹1,500 crore (equivalent to ₹42 billion or US$523.6 million in 2023) invested in the facility to make BrahMos components and integrate the missile systems. This was necessitated by the increased order book of the missile system, with orders having been placed by both the Indian Army and Navy.[35][36] Initially, Russia supplied 65% of the BrahMos' components, including its ramjet engine and radar seeker.[37] Currently 65% of the missile is manufactured in India and there are plans to increase this to 85% by replacing the components with an Indian made seeker and booster.[38][39]

The BrahMos headquarters complex is located at New Delhi and consists of a design centre and aerospace knowledge centre. The integration complex is located at Hyderabad and a production centre is located at Thiruvananthapuram.[40] Another assembly line is being established at Pilani.[41]

Development

Surface-to-surface variants
Surface-launched BrahMos tested in May 2018.

BrahMos was first test-fired on 12 June 2001 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur in a vertical launch configuration. On 14 June 2004, another test was conducted at ITR and BrahMos was fired from a mobile launcher.[42] On 5 March 2008, the land attack version of the missile was fired from the destroyer INS Rajput and the missile hit and destroyed the right target among a group of targets.[43][44] The vertical launch of BrahMos was conducted on 18 December 2008 from INS Ranvir.[45] The BrahMos I Block-I for the army was successfully tested with new capabilities in the deserts of Rajasthan, at a test range near Pokharan in December 2004 and March 2007.[46] During a user trial on 20 January 2009, BrahMos was tested with a new navigation system but it failed to hit the target. BrahMos Aerospace Corporation's director Dr A. Sivathanu Pillai said, "The missile performance was absolutely normal until the last phase, but the missile missed the target, though it maintained the direction." and that "The problem was in the software, not hardware".[47][48] The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) said that there were "small hitches" in the last stage of the test firing due to delay in input of satellite navigation input to the inertial navigation system, the missile travelled for 112 seconds instead of the slated 84 seconds and fell 7 km away from the target.[49] According to BrahMos Corporation, another test of the new missile was to be conducted within one month,[50] but it was eventually conducted on 4 March 2009 and was deemed successful.[51] BrahMos was test-fired again on 29 March 2009. For the test, the missile had to identify a building among a cluster of buildings in an urban environment. BrahMos successfully hit the intended target in two and a half minutes of launch. According to official sources, "The new seeker is unique and would help us to hit our targets, which are insignificant in terms of size, in a cluster of large buildings. India is now the only nation in the world with this advanced technology".[52] After the third test, Lt Gen. Noble Thamburaj, said that the Indian Army wanted the BrahMos to achieve high standards of accuracy and congratulated the scientists on behalf of the Indian Army.[53] The Indian Army confirmed that the test was successful and the army is satisfied with the missile. This marking the completion of the development phase of BrahMos Block-II, and it was ready for induction.[54][55][56][57]

BrahMos fired from INS Chennai during TROPEX 2017

The 5 September 2010 test of BrahMos created a world record for being the first cruise missile to be tested at supersonic speeds in a steep-dive mode. The missile was test-fired from the integrated test range launching complex-3 (LC-3) at Chandipur around 11.35 am. With this launch, the Indian army's requirement for land attacks with Block-II advanced seeker software with target discriminating capabilities was met. BrahMos became the only supersonic cruise missile possessing advanced capability of selection of a particular land target amongst a group of targets, providing an edge to the user with precise hit.[58][59]

Block III has advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude. It will be deployed in Arunachal Pradesh. It can engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 metres for surgical strikes without any collateral damage. It is capable of being launched from multiple platforms like submarines, ships, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL).[60][61][62] On 12 August 2011, it was test-fired by ground forces and met all mission parameters.

BrahMos at the moment of impact

The new navigation system uses an Indian chip called G3OM (GPS, GLONASS, GAGAN on a module). The system weighs around 17 grams, and gives accuracy below five metres using Indian, US and Russian navigation satellites. The system can be used in tandem with an inertial navigation system (INS) to provide high-accuracy targeting without using any seeker.[63][64][65]

BrahMos was tested with an Indian seeker for the first time on 22 March 2018,[66] and was tested with an India-developed propulsion system, airframe and power supply on 30 September 2019.[67]

On 30 September 2020, India successfully test-fired an extended range BrahMos, offering a range of around 350 km, at speeds up to Mach 2.8, an improvement over the initial 290 km.[68][69] The test was carried out under BrahMos project of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), under which the missile was launched with an indigenous booster. The missile was launched from a land-based facility in Odisha.

This is the second test-firing of the extended range version of the missile which has an indigenously developed airframe and booster.[70]

Submarine-launched variant

The submarine-launched variant of BrahMos was test fired successfully for the first time from a submerged pontoon near Visakhapatnam at the coast of Bay of Bengal on 20 March 2013. This was the first vertical launch of an Indian supersonic missile from a submerged platform.[71][72] The missile can be launched from a depth of 40 to 50 m (130 to 160 ft).[73] In late January 2016, Russia confirmed that future Indian-made submarines would be armed with smaller version of the missile that could fit inside a torpedo tube.[74]

Air-launched variant
BrahMos-A displayed at MAKS 2009

BrahMos-A

The BrahMos-A is a modified air-launched variant of the missile with a range of 500 km which can be launched from a Sukhoi Su-30MKI as a standoff weapon.[75] To reduce the missile's weight to 2.55 tons, many modifications were made like using a smaller booster, adding fins for airborne stability after launch, and relocating the connector. It can be released from the height of 500 to 14,000 metres (1,640 to 46,000 ft).[76] After release, the missile free falls for 100–150 metres, then goes into a cruise phase at 14,000 metres and finally the terminal phase at 15 metres. BrahMos Aerospace planned to deliver the missile to the IAF in 2015, where it is expected to arm at least three squadrons.[16] A Su-30MKI is able to only carry one BrahMos missile.[74]

A Su-30MKI fighter armed with BrahMos

The missile was also planned to arm the Indian Navy's Ilyushin Il-38 and Tupolev Tu-142 maritime patrol and anti-submarine aircraft with 6 missiles per aircraft, but this could not be made possible due to insufficient ground clearance of the IL-38, high cost of modifying the Tu-142 and the questionable benefits of modifying an aging fleet.[16][77]

An expert committee from the DRDO and the Indian Air Force (IAF) had ruled out any structural modifications to the Su-30MKI to carry the missile.[78] On 22 October 2008, A. Sivathanu Pillai, Chief Controller, R&D, DRDO and CEO and managing director of BrahMos Aerospace, announced that trials and tests were to be carried out by 2011, and the IAF would get its own version of BrahMos by 2012.[79]

On 10 January 2009, it was reported that two Indian Air Force Su-30MKI fighter jets were sent to Russia for a retrofit program that would enable them to launch the missile.[80] On 8 August 2009, Alexander Leonov, Director of the Russian Machine Building Research and Production Centre, said "we are ready for test launches." He also said that a new takeoff engine for the launching of the missile in air and at extremely high altitudes had been developed, and the initial test firing of the missile would be undertaken from the Su-30 MKI but did not specify the dates. On 26 February 2012, A. Sivathanu Pillai said that the air-launched version of BrahMos is being developed and will be tested by the end of 2012. This version of the BrahMos missile will use air-breathing scramjet propulsion technology and would be more fuel-efficient than a traditional rocket-powered missile.[81][82]

The purchase of over 200 air-launched BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles for the IAF was cleared by Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) on 19 October 2012, at the cost of ₹6,000 crore (equivalent to ₹110 billion or US$1 billion in 2023). This would include funds for the integration and testing of the BrahMos on Su-30MKI of the IAF. As per this plan, the first test of the air-launched version of the missile was to be conducted by December 2012. Two Su-30MKI of the IAF would be modified by the HAL at its Nashik facility where they will also be integrated with the missile's aerial launcher.[83][84]

Su-30MKI with BrahMos-ER

A demonstration flight was carried out at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Nashik on 25 June 2016 as a modified Su-30MKI carrying BrahMos-A underwent a successful trial flight,[85] the first time a heavyweight supersonic cruise missile had been integrated on a long-range fighter aircraft; the project to adapt the weapon for air launch was approved in 2011, but was bogged down with technology transfer and intellectual property rights concerns. To carry the missile, the Su-30MKI undercarriage had to be strengthened, which also required new hard points and structural modifications. The cost of adapting the BrahMos for air launch was "phenomenal", but efforts to downsize the missile were abandoned after an attempt to reduce the size of the ramjet.[86] On 22 November 2017, the missile was successfully test fired for the first time from a Sukhoi-30MKI against a sea-based target in the Bay of Bengal.[87][88] This made the Indian Air Force the first in the world to have successfully tested such a type of air launched trisonic-class missile on a sea-based target.[89] After the IAF successfully tested BrahMos from a Su-30MKI against a sea-based target, it declared on 17 December 2019 that the integration of BrahMos-A on Su-30 MKI is completed.[20]

50 IAF SU-30MKI will be modified to carry the BrahMos-A missile, these modified Su-30MKIs will have electronic circuits capable of withstanding nuclear electromagnetic pulse.[76] According to the CEO of BrahMos Aerospace, Sudhir Kumar Mishra, BrahMos-A can reach targets thousands of kilometres away considering the range of launch aircraft.[24] On 20 January 2020, the IAF commissioned its first squadron of Su-30MKI fighters equipped with the BrahMos-A missile.[90] IAF plans to procure 200 BrahMos-A missiles.[76]

IAF test fired BrahMos-A from Su-30MKI on 8 December 2021 and is now ready to enter mass production. The test validated the structural integrity and functional performance. Major airframe assemblies such as non-metallic air frame sections comprising ramjet fuel tank and pneumatic fuel supply system which form the integral part of the Ramjet Engine are now locally developed.[91]

Testing
List of tests across all variants
No Date Variant tested User Result Location Platform Comments Reference
1 12 June 2001 SSM – Block I Success Integrated Test Range Tested in vertical configuration [92]
2 28 April 2002 SSM – Block I Integrated Test Range Tested on an inclined plane [92]
3 12 February 2003 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput [93]
4 29 October 2003 SSM – Block I Integrated Test Range [92]
5 9 November 2003 SSM – Block I Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [94]
6 23 November 2003 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput Fired from a moving ship at a decommissioned vessel [95][96]
7 13 June 2004 SSM – Block I Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First production missile integrated at BrahMos Integration Complex, Hyderabad [97][98]
8 3 November 2004 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput [99][100]
9 21 December 2004 SSM Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher First test of land-attack version [101]
10 15 April 2005 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Rajput [102]
11 30 November 2005 SSM Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [103]
12 31 May 2006 Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher [104][105]
13 16 April 2007 Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First test with the "S" maneuver [106]
14 22 April 2007 Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [107][108]
15 5 March 2008 LACM Indian Navy Andaman & Nicobar Islands INS Rajput First test of the land attack variant [109]
16 18 December 2008 ASM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Ranvir First test from a VLS [110]
17 20 January 2009 SSM – Block II Indian Army Failure Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Failed to correctly discriminate target located within a cluster [111]
18 4 March 2009 Success First successful test in a target discriminatory role [112]
19 29 March 2009 [113][114]
20 29 July 2009 [115]
21 21 March 2010 ASM Indian Navy Orissa INS Ranvir Tested on decommissioned INS Meen [116][117]
22 5 September 2010 SSM – Block II Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [118][58]
23 2 December 2010 SSM – Block III Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [119][120]
24 12 August 2011 SSM – Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher [121][122]
25 4 March 2012 SSM – Block II Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Operational test of the second army regiment [123][124]
26 28 March 2012 SSM – Block III Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [125][126][127]
27 30 March 2012 DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [128][129]
28 29 July 2012 DRDO Failure Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Developmental flight test with 25 new subsystems and components [130][131][132][133]
29 7 October 2012 ASM Indian Navy Success Arabian Sea INS Teg Tested with a GLONASS navigation system derived from Kh-101 [134][135]
30 9 January 2013 Bay of Bengal Naval ship Tested with double maneuver in "S" form [136]
31 20 March 2013 SLCM DRDO Visakhapatnam Underwater pontoon First test from a submerged platform [71][72]
32 22 May 2013 ASM Indian Navy Goa INS Tarkash Acceptance Test Firing [137]
33 18 November 2013 SSM – Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Destroyed a hardened target [138][139]
34 7 February 2014 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Trikand 2 missiles test fired in salvo mode [140]
35 7 April 2014 SSM – Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Tested in steep dive-cum-target discrimination mode [141][142]
36 9 June 2014 ASM Indian Navy Karwar INS Kolkata [143][144]
37 8 July 2014 SSM Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First test with advanced guidance system and indigenously built software algorithm [145][146]
38 1 November 2014 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Kochi [147][148]
39 14 February 2015 ASM Indian Navy Goa INS Kolkata [149][150]
40 9 April 2015 SSM Indian Army Failure Car Nicobar Mobile launcher [151][152]
41 8 May 2015 Success
42 7 November 2015 SSM Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher [153][154]
43 6 February 2017 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Chennai [155][156]
44 11 March 2017 Extended range – Integrated Test Range – First test of the extended range [25][26]
45 21 April 2017 LACM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Teg [157][158]
46 2–3 May 2017 SSM – Block III Indian Army Andaman & Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher 2 missiles tested in top attack configuration [159][160][161]
47 22 November 2017 ALCM Indian Air Force / DRDO Bay of Bengal Su-30MKI First test of the air launched variant [87]
48 22 March 2018 SSM Indian Army Pokhran Test Range – First test with indigenous seeker [162]
49 21 May 2018 SSM DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Validated "life extension" technologies [163]
50 22 May 2018 SSM DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Tested Indian fuel management system and a few non-metallic airframe components [164]
51 16 July 2018 SSM DRDO / Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Tested to validate service life extension of the missile under extreme weather conditions [165]
52 7 July 2019 Block-II DRDO – – Tested the vertical steep dive version. [166]
53 30 September 2019 SSM DRDO – – Tested with India-developed propulsion system, airframe and power supply. [167][67]
54 21-21 October

2019

 SSM IAF Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile Launcher
  • Twin firings was carried out as a part of the routine operational training.
  • The missile engaged the designated mock targets close to 300 km away with a direct hit on the ground target in both cases with pinpoint accuracy from a mobile platform.
 [168][169]
55 17 December 2019 SSM and Air launched IAF and DRDO Integrated Test Range and Kalaikunda airbase Mobile launcher and Aircraft Both land attack and Air launched versions were tested in two firings. [170][171]
56 8 December 2021 ALCM IAF Integrated Test Range Su-30MKI Validated structural integrity and functional performance. Cleared for serial production. [91]
57 11 January 2022 ASM Indian Navy INS Visakhapatnam (D66) Certifies the accuracy of the ship's combat system and armament complex and also validates a new capability of the missile. [172][173]
58 20 January 2022 DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Improved variant with more indigenous content [174][175]
59 1 February 2022 AShM Indian Navy Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher
60 18 February 2022 AShM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Visakhapatnam [176]
61 5 March 2022 SSM Indian Navy INS Chennai Extended-range land-attack BrahMos variant tested. [177]
62 23 March 2022 SSM Andaman and Nicobar command Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher Extended range version tested. [178]
63 19 April 2022 ASM and ALCM IAF and Indian Navy Bay of Bengal Su-30MKI and INS Delhi Air-launched version fired at a decommissioned ship. SSM version tested from INS Delhi from an upgraded modular launcher. [179][180]
64 27 April 2022 AShM Indian Navy and A&N command A&N Island Mobile launcher [181]
65 12 May 2022 ALCM IAF and DRDO Bay of Bengal Sukhoi Su-30MKI IAF and DRDO tested extended range version of BrahMos missile from Su-30 MKI, hit the target precisely. [182][183]
66 29 November 2022 SSM Indian Army A&N Island Mobile launcher
67 29 December 2022 ALCM IAF Bay of Bengal Su-30MKI ER Version of BrahMos Air Launched missile against a Ship Target [184]
68 5 March 2023 AShM Indian Navy Arabian Sea Naval Ship [185]
69 14 May 2023 AShM Indian Navy INS Mormugao (D67) [186]

Further developments

Extended range

In 2016, India became a member of the MTCR. India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of BrahMos missiles with 1500 km-plus range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy.[25][26] On 24 November 2020, DRDO successfully test fired upgraded 800 km BrahMos variant. This upgrade will also be applied to all existing BrahMos missiles.[187]

BrahMos-II
Main article: BrahMos-II
Model of the BrahMos-II at Aero India 2013

BrahMos-II is a hypersonic cruise missile currently under development and is estimated to have a range of 600 km. With a speed of Mach 8, it will have double the speed of the current BrahMos missile, and it will be the fastest hypersonic missile in the world.[188] Development could take 7–8 years to complete.[189][14][21]

BrahMos-NG
Size comparison between BrahMos and the planned BrahMos-M/BrahMos-NG.

BrahMos-NG (Next Generation) is a mini version based on the existing BrahMos system. It will have same 290 km range and Mach 3.5 speed but it will weigh around 1.5 tons, with a length of 6 metres and a diameter of 50 cm, making BrahMos-NG 50 percent lighter and three metres shorter than its predecessor.[1][190] The system is expected to be inducted on the year 2024.[191] BrahMos-NG will have lesser RCS (radar cross section) compared to its predecessor, making it harder for air defense systems to locate and engage the target. BrahMos-NG will have Land, Air, Ship-borne and Submarine tube-launched variants. The first test flight is expected to take place in 2022–24. Initially BrahMos-NG was referred to as BrahMos-M.[192] Additionally, the BrahMos-NG will have an AESA radar rather than the mechanically scanned one on the BrahMos.[14]

The missile will arm the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Mikoyan MiG-29K, HAL Tejas[193] and future inductions such as the Dassault Rafale,[16] and HAL MWF.[194] Submarine launched variant will be capable of being fired from the new P75I class of submarines.[195] A model of the new variant was showcased on 20 February 2013, at the 15th anniversary celebrations of BrahMos Corporations. The Sukhoi SU-30MKI would carry three missiles while other combat aircraft would carry one each.[196][197]

BrahMos Aerospace is planning to manufacture BrahMos-NG in Uttar Pradesh. The Indian Air Force already confirmed a requirement of 400 missile that will cost around ₹8,000 crore and be delivered within 5 years of time period.[198] The missile is likely to be ready in late 2022.[199]

UCAV variant

The former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam asked BrahMos Aerospace to develop an advanced version of the BrahMos cruise missile to maintain India's lead in the field.[200] He stated that a hypersonic version of BrahMos would be needed that could deliver its payload and return to base.[201][202]

Specifications
Vertical Launch System for BrahMos on INS Trikand

BrahMos has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as five metres in altitude and the maximum altitude it can fly is 15,000 metres. It has a diameter of 70 cm and a wingspan of 1.7 m. It can gain a speed of Mach 3.5, and has a maximum range of 650 km.[203] The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.[204]

The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles, such as Tomahawk. Being twice as heavy and almost four times as fast as Tomahawk, the BrahMos has more than 32 times the on-cruise kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile, although it carries only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the range, which suggests that the missile was designed with a different tactical role. Its Mach 2.8 speed means that it cannot be intercepted by some existing missile defence systems and its precision makes it lethal to water targets.[204]

Although BrahMos was primarily an anti-ship missile, the BrahMos Block III can also engage land-based targets. It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targets over a 360-degree horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea, and sub-sea platforms.[204][205] The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins for added stability during launch. The BrahMos has currently been configured for aerial deployment with the Su-30MKI as its carrier. On 5 September 2010 BrahMos created a record for the first supersonic steep dive. The BrahMos missile also utilises a "fire-and-forget" system, requiring no additional input from the operator once the missile has been launched.[206][207]

Variants
INS Delhi fires BrahMos missile
BrahMos Block-III test fired
Surface-launched, Block I
  • Ship-launched, anti-ship variant (operational)
  • Ship-launched, land-attack variant (operational)
  • Land-launched, land-attack variant (operational)
  • Land-launched, anti-ship variant (in induction)
Surface-launched, upgraded variants
  • BrahMos Block II land-attack variant (Operational)[123]
  • BrahMos Block III land-variant (In induction)[60][61][208]
  • INS Chennai fire BrahMos missile
    Anti-aircraft carrier variant (tested in March 2012) – the missile gained the capability to attack aircraft carriers using the supersonic vertical dive variant of the missile that could travel up to 290 km.[209]
Air-launched
  • Air-launched, anti-ship variant (operational)[87][210]
  • Air-launched, land-attack variant (operational)[211][212]
Submarine-launched
  • Submarine-launched, anti-ship variant – Tested successfully for the first time from a submerged pontoon on 20 March 2013.[71][72]
  • Submarine-launched, land-attack variant (under development, expected completion in 2011)[213][214]

Operators
Current BrahMos operators in blue, future operators in cyan
Model of a frigate with vertical-launched BrahMos
Russia is participating in the P75I submarine deal with the Amur class submarine armed with BrahMos.
Side view of the MAL's missiles

Indian Army

The BrahMos Block was inducted into the army on 21 June 2007. The BrahMos has been inducted in three regiments of the Indian Army.[215] The army has raised one regiment (numbered 861) of the Mark I and two missile regiments of the BrahMos Mark II, numbered 881 and 1889. The first regiment with five mobile launcher cost $83 million to set up.[216] Each of the two new regiments would have between four and six batteries of three to four Mobile Autonomous Launchers (72 missiles per regiment) that can be connected to a mobile command post.[123][217]

Total five regiments are in service.[218] The known three operational BrahMos regiments are:[12][219]

  • 861 Missile Regiment (BrahMos Block I, part of 40 Artillery Division)
  • 881 Missile Regiment (BrahMos Block II, part of 41 Artillery Division)[220]
  • 1889 Missile Regiment (Kargil) (BrahMos Block II, part of 42 Artillery Division)

India has deployed BrahMos along with long range cruise missile Nirbhay and Akash surface to air missile to deter Chinese aggression along the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh.[221][222]

Indian Air Force

Indian Navy

The following ship classes of the navy are equipped with BrahMos:

On March 30, 2023, MoD inked a contract with BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited (BAPL) for procurement of Next Generation Maritime Mobile Coastal Batteries (Long range) {NGMMCB (LR)} and BrahMos Missiles at an approximate cost of over Rs 1,700 crore. The delivery of NGMMCBs is scheduled to commence from 2027.[235]

Philippines

In 2021 March, the Department of National Defense (DND) signed an arms agreement with India to potentially acquire Indian weapons, including the BrahMos missile.[236]

Philippine Marine Corps
BrahMos deal between India and the Philippines signed on 28 January 2022 for the Philippine Marines' Coastal Defense Regiment's SBASM Battalion

In 2017, the Shore-based Anti-ship Missile System Acquisition Project for the maritime force was first conceptualized, while in 2020 the Office of the President approved its inclusion in the Horizon 2 Priority Projects.[237]

In 2021 December 27, two special allotment release orders (SARO) — worth Php 1.3 billion (₹190 crore) and Php 1.535 billion (₹224 crore) — were issued by the Department of Budget Management (DBM) for the Shore-Based Anti-Ship Missile System Acquisition Project of the Philippine Navy. The SARO allows the DND to finalise contracts for military projects.[238]

In 2021 December 31, BrahMos Aerospace Pvt Ltd's representatives received the Notice of Award (NOA) for the project worth US$374,962,800. A contract signed on 28 January 2022. It includes at least 3 batteries as part of the agreement. A battery will have at least 3 mobile firing units, plus attached command and control, radar, and support vehicles and units. Each mobile firing unit has 3 ready-to-fire BrahMos anti-ship supersonic missiles, with the export variant having a maximum range of around 290 kilometers.[239][240][241][242][243]

The batteries will be operated by the Shore-Based Anti-Ship Missile (SBASM) Battalion of the Philippine Marine Corps' Coastal Defense Regiment.[244][245]

As of 2022 December 15, India has started delivering BrahMos missile batteries to the Philippines as per the contract signed on 2022 January 28. Philippines Marine Corps personnel has also completed their mandatory operator training under the supervision of BrahMos Aerospace and the Indian Navy. Indian Navy Chief Admiral R Hari Kumar felicitated Philippines Marine Corps personnel in a valedictory ceremony in India. Addressing the ceremony, Admiral Hari Kumar said that the induction of the BrahMos missile into the Philippine Marine Corps will strengthen the country's maritime capability and will contribute to the collective maritime security within the region.[246][247]

Russia

In September 2016, it was revealed that the Russian Defense Ministry is interested in purchasing the air-launched BrahMos to arm their Su-30SM fighters. So far, Russia has not purchased the missile system for the Russian Air Force.[248]

The BrahMos could be fitted to only few, if any, of the new ships of the Russian Navy. The updated Gorshkov-class frigates which are the latest type of frigate being built could possibly accommodate the missile. No BrahMos missile has been bought and inducted by the navy.[249]

Philippine Army

In 2019 October, the Philippine Army was reported to be in discussion with India for a possible BrahMos missile sale for at least 2 batteries to be acquired under the Land Based Missile System Acquisition (LBMS) Project.[250] These systems are planned to be operated by the 1st Land Based Missile System Battery of the Army Artillery Regiment, which was activated in 2019 October also.[251]

In 2022 January 21, the Philippine Army announced plans to purchase two of BrahMos medium-range missile defense systems within the 3rd horizon of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Program (R-AFPMP) scheduled at the start of 2023 to the end of 2027.[252]

Others

BrahMos Aerospace has said that several Southeast Asian and Latin American countries have expressed interest in the system, with particular interest in naval and coastal defense versions, and that a "definite list of countries" exists. These countries are Brazil, Brunei, Chile, Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia, Oman, South Africa, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[253] In the case of Malaysia, they are considering the purchase of the missile for use on its Kedah class warships[254] and fighter jets. The intergovernmental agreement between India and Russia to develop the BrahMos stipulates that both countries would have to approve an export sale.[255]

One of the major issues regarding sales of the missile is that the nations looking to buy may have stressful relations with allies and trading partners of Russia. China is one of the main nations that has objections about its neighbours getting these missiles for their navies. It views the selling of these missiles as an act of belligerence and interference in the disputed territories like the South China Sea.[256] China's concerns were believed to be a direct cause behind the unsuccessful sale of BrahMos to Vietnam even though Vietnam, in fact, has previously acquired and commissioned the Russian Bastion-P coastal defence systems which use the largely-equivalent Yakhont anti-ship missile.[257][258]

Accidents and incidents
  • 20 January 2009 – On a test launch, an early developmental variant of the BrahMos missile missed its target at the Pokhran Test Range by 7 km, due to the switching off of GPS satellites and erroneous data from the INS series of satellites. A repeat mission on 4 March 2009 was a success.[259]
  • 12 July 2021 – In a test fire off the coast of Odisha, an extended-range variant of the missile fell off shortly after launch, reportedly due to an error in the propulsion system.[260]
  • 9 March 2022 – An accidentally fired missile crashed into Pakistan. Pakistan said that the missile took off on the evening of 9 March and it was picked up by its air defence systems. From its initial course, the missile suddenly manoeuvred towards Pakistani territory and crashed near Mian Channu city of Punjab province, causing no civilian casualties.[261] Pakistan strongly condemned the incident and also cautioned India against recurrence of any such incident in the future.[262] India said the incident was due to a "technical malfunction" and that it was "deeply regrettable". India also said that they have ordered a high-level court of inquiry to look into the incident. While still unconfirmed by both the Indian and Pakistani authorities, sources say that the missile fired was a BrahMos.[263][264][265] According to Times of India, conventional missiles like the BrahMos also don't have self-destruct mechanisms like the ones available on India's strategic or nuclear missiles.[266] ThePrint, quoting unnamed sources, claimed that Pakistan's air defence systems were not able to track the missile down and the missile did not veer off from its trajectory and followed the trajectory that it would have in case of a conflict.[267]

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