Boyi and Shuqi

Depiction of King Wen of Zhou, originally a vassal of the Shang dynasty to whose territory Boyi and Shuqi fled after hearing reports of his able governance

Boyi and Shuqi lived during the reign of the last Shang ruler Di Xin, who at this point had become given over to drinking, women, sex, and a disdain for morals. His country was misruled, with high taxes, mass hunger, and arbitrary acts of violence and cruelty. Sima Qian provides lurid details of prolonged orgies of drunken sex and acts of violence and torture, during which he refused to heed the advice of his ministers. At the same time the leader of the Zhou clan, posthumously known as King Wen of Zhou, was preparing to replace the Shang dynasty with the rule of his own clan (the subsequent Zhou dynasty), though at the time they were a vassal state to Shang. In contrast to Shang, the leadership of Zhou was famous for its provision of food and protection for its subjects, in part due to their advances in agricultural techniques.

Map of the location of the Battle of Muye, where the rising Zhou dynasty defeated the incumbent Shang dynasty

Fiddlehead ferns, said to be Boyi and Shuqi's diet in exile, shown newly picked and washed. They are generally considered to be toxic before cooking.

Fiddlehead ferns, prepared dish.

Boyi and Shuqi, together with another brother Yà Píng (亞憑/亚凭; lit. "junior brother Ping"), were the sons of Ya Wei (亞微/亚微, lit. "junior brother Wei"), the Ruling Lord of the Guzhu state, also sometimes referred to in English language sources as Lonely Bamboo (kingdom). Traditionally, the succession to the rulership would have gone to the elder son, namely Boyi; but, when Shuqi was preferred to succeed him as ruler, rather than engaging in conflict or disharmonious relationships, together they fled to the Zhou territory; which, at the time was actively encouraging immigration, particularly of skilled and talented persons.

The moral sensitivities of Boyi and Shuqi were such that they would not abide by the violence and horror then rampant in the directly ruled part of Shang territory due to the misrule of emperor Di Xin. At first, the two brothers were welcomed by the Zhou, who held a vassal kingdom to the West of the main Shang territory. However, the ruler of the Zhou, Wen, died and his son Ji Fa, later known as king Wu, upon succeeding him as ruler, immediately proceeded to marshal his forces and lead them to conquer Shang: the brothers attempted to change the course of history by pulling on the chariot reins of the ruler, Ji Fa (Wu), remonstrating with him for his lack of filial piety, both because rather than sufficiently mourning his recently deceased father he was going off to war and also that he was betraying his sacred allegiance to his sovereign lord, Di Xin, the ruler of the Shang. Wu's outraged guards would have killed the brothers, except for the intervention of general Jiang Taigong, who recognized the sincerity of their moral convictions. But, instead of heeding their protests, the army continued on its way to eventual victory over the Shang, in the extremely violent slaughter known as the Battle of Muye.

Boyi and Shuqi made their protest widely known through their refusal to eat the produce of Zhou, the traditional and very culturally significant "Five Grains", saying: "King Wu, as a minister who assassinated his king, is an disloyal and unrighteous man. We cannot work as ministers for an emperor lacking in loyalty, righteousness, and virtue. We are ashamed to have accepted an emolument from him."[4] They retired to the wilderness of Shouyang Mountain (首陽山), in modern Yongji, Shanxi, also called "West Mountain",[5] and lived on fiddlehead ferns,[6] until they were reminded that these plants too now belonged to Zhou, at which point they starved themselves to death. According to a version, which appears in the Heavenly Questions, the brothers were eventually warned not to eat the ferns by a maiden (or other unidentified woman), after which a white deer miraculously appeared, suckling them, nurturing them with her milk, and thus preventing immediate starvation; however, all known versions of the story end with the demise of Boyi and Shuqi, by starvation.[7]

During the Song dynasty, in 1102, Boyi and Shuqi were both posthumously awarded the rank of marquis.[8]

Boyi and Shuqi have had a long legacy both in philosophy and literature and in art and poetry.

• Baimei Shen
• Confucius
• History of China
• Houji
• Ju Song
• List of people who died of starvation
• Sima Qian
• Yanshi

• Fairbank, John King (1992), China: A New History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-11670-4
• Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2
• Murck, Alfreda (2000). Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent. Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-00782-6.
• Wu, K. C. (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-517-54475X.