Mongondow language

Mongondow, or Bolaang Mongondow, is one of the Philippine languages spoken in Bolaang Mongondow Regency and neighbouring regencies of North Sulawesi (Celebes) and Gorontalo Provinces, Indonesia.[2] With more than 200,000 speakers, it is the major language of the regency. Historically, it served as the official language of the Bolaang Mongondow Kingdom.[3]

Mongondow
Bolaang Mongondow
Native toIndonesia
RegionNorth Sulawesi
EthnicityMongondow people
Native speakers
230,000 (2000 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3mog
Glottologmong1342

There is some lexical influence from Malay and Ternate,[4][5][6] as well as the Indonesian national language.[7] It is a threatened language, with a shift to Manado Malay in the younger generation.[8] The moribund Lolak language has borrowed much of its lexicon from Mongondow, but appears to be more closely related to Gorontalo.[9][10]

Phonology

Mongondow has the following phoneme inventory:[11]

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d (d͡ʒ) ɡ
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Rhotic r
Approximant w j

The lateral /l/ is pronounced as alveolar [l] when adjacent to the front vowels /e/, /i/. In all other environments, it is a retroflex [ɭ].[12]

Grammar

Pronouns

The personal pronouns are:[13]

nominative genitive oblique
1.sg. akuoy -ku inako'
2.sg. iko -mu inimu
3.sg. sia -ea/-nya inia
1.pl.inclusive kita -naton inaton
1.pl.exclusive kami -nami inami
2.pl. mo'iko
kamu-*		 -monimu
-namu-*		 imonimu
-inamu-*
3.pl. mosia
taya-*		 -monia
-naya-*		 imonia
inaya-*
* kamu-, taya- etc. are used with suffixed numerals, e.g. taya-tolu 'the three of them'

Numerals
1 inta' / mita'[14]
2 dua' / doyowa'
3 tolu'
4 opat
5 lima
6 onom
7 pitu
8 ualu
9 siow
10 mopulu'
11 mopulu' bo mita'
12
(...)		 mopulu' bo doyowa'
 
20 doyowa no pulu'
21
(...)		 doyowa no pulu' bo mita'
 
30 tolu no pulu'
40
(...)		 opat no pulu'
 
100 mogatut
200
(...)		 doyowa no gatut
 
1000 tongo ribu
2000
(...)		 doyowa no ribu
 

References
  1. Mongondow at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Christopher Moseley (2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1357-9640-2.
  3. Sneddon (1991), p. 301.
  4. Dunnebier (1929a), p. 312.
  5. Sneddon (1989), p. 92.
  6. Babcock (1990), p. 192.
  7. Usup et al. (1981), p. 213.
  8. Korompot, Chairil Anwar (10–11 September 2008), "Menyelamatkan Bahasa Bolaang-Mongondow", Tribun Totabuan (in Indonesian)
  9. Sneddon (1991).
  10. Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019), "Lolak", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22 ed.), Dallas, Texas: SIL International, archived from the original on 2019-06-06
  11. Dunnebier (1929a), p. 297.
  12. Dunnebier (1929a), pp. 317–324.
  13. Dunnebier (1930), pp. 105–111.
  14. Dunnebier (1930), pp. 75ff..

Bibliography
  • Dunnebier, W. (1929a). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 85 (1): 297–468. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001486.
  • Dunnebier, W. (1929b). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Tweede gedeelte)" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (second part)]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 85 (1): 524–621. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001490.
  • Dunnebier, W. (1930). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Slot)" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (final part)]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 86 (1): 42–177. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001466.
  • Sneddon, J.N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections". In Sneddon, J.N. (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I. NUSA 31. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA. pp. 83–107.
  • Sneddon, J.N. (1991). "The position of Lolak". In Harlow, Ray (ed.). VICAL 2. Western Austronesian and Contact Languages. Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. pp. 299–318. ISBN 0-908928-00-9. OCLC 59606647.
  • Usup, Hunggu Tadjuddin; Rompas, Henkie; Kuhon, J.; Moningkey-Rumambi, S.V.; Toding Datu, M.M.; Rattu, A.B.G. (1981). Morfologi dan Sintaksis bahasa Bolaang Mongondow (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. OCLC 568558060.
  • Babcock, Tim (1990). "History: Colonial Stronghold in the North". In Volkman, Toby Alice; Caldwell, Ian (eds.). Sulawesi: Island Crossroads of Indonesia. Lincolnwood: Passport Books. pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-8442-9906-5. OCLC 26056424.
Mongondow language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.