Blood pool agent

Blood pool agents (BPAs) are a class of magnetic resonance angiography contrast agents.[1][2] Blood pool agents (also known as intravascular contrast agents) are differentiated from other contrast agents due to their high molecular weight and higher relaxivities.[3] Their large size prevents diffusion through the vascular epithelium and leakage into the interstitial space, and because of this they stay in the vascular system for a longer time period. Most contrast agents, leave the vascular system within a few minutes, however blood pool agents remain in the circulation for up to an hour, extending the window available for imaging. Longer image acquisition times allow better signal-to-noise ratio and improved image resolution.

Roles of blood pool agents

Due to their extended time in the circulatory system, blood pool agents can be used for delayed steady-state imaging, and additionally these results can be combined with first pass arterial imaging.[2][3] Their extended circulation time means that they are able to be used for both arterial and venous mapping. Additional uses include: detection of gastrointestinal bleeding; visualization of the vasculature associated with certain tumors; measuring tissue blood volume and perfusion; and detection of endovascular leaks (such as following stent-graft repair of an aortic aneurysm).

Classes of blood pool agents

Albumin-binding gadolinium complexes

This class of BPAs is based on the noncovalent binding of low molecular weight Gd3+-based complexes to human serum albumin. The first commercial agent to be approved in this class is gadofosveset trisodium[4] (also known as Vasovist[5] or Ablavar,[6] and previously known as MS-325[7]). Many clinical and case studies documenting the use of this BPA have been published,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] and its efficacy in enhancing blood vessels visibility has been demonstrated.[15] The manufacturer (Lantheus Medical) discontinued production in 2017 though, due to poor sales.[16]

Gadocoletic acid[17] (Bracco SpA), also known as B-22956 and B22956/1, is a Gd-DTPA derivative that is currently in development, but has not yet been approved for clinical use.

Gadobenic acid (MultiHance[18]) is sometimes categorized as a BPA; however, as it only binds weakly to albumin and because hepatobiliary uptake of this compound occurs, this contrast agent should not be classified as a BPA.

Polymeric gadolinium complexes

Polymeric Gd3+ chelates are large in size, which prevents leakage into the interstitial space, and provides long imaging windows. Several polymeric gadolinium-based BPAs are currently in development but have not yet been approved for clinical use: Gadomelitol[19] (Guerbet, France), also known as Vistarem and P792 Gadomer-17[20] (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) also known as Gd-DTPA-17, SH L 643 A.

References
  1. "MR Contrast Agents". 2014.
  2. Blood Pool Agents
  3. Geraldes CF, Laurent S, Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, Contrast Media Mol Imaging, 2009;4:1-23.
  4. Ablavar (gadofosveset trisodium) injection
  5. VASOVIST (gadofosveset trisodium)
  6. Ablavar
  7. MS-325. Magnetic Resonance - Technology Information Portal
  8. Wolf F, Plank C, Beitzke D, et al., Prospective evaluation of high-resolution MRI using gadofosveset for stent-graft planning: comparison with CT angiography in 30 patients, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2011;197:1251-7
  9. Partovi S, Aschwanden M, Staub D, et al., Gadofosveset enhanced MR phlebography for detecting pelvic and deep vein leg thrombosis, Vasa, 2011;40:315-9
  10. Haneder S, Attenberger UI, Biffar A, et al., Gadofosveset: parameter optimization for steady-state imaging of the thoracic and abdominal vasculature, Invest Radiol, 2011;46:678-85
  11. Pfeil A, Betge S, Poehlmann G, et al., Magnetic resonance VIBE venography using the blood pool contrast agent gadofosveset trisodium-An interrater reliability study, Eur J Radiol, 2011;81:547-52
  12. Pedersen SF, Thrysoe SA, Paaske WP, et al., CMR assessment of endothelial damage and angiogenesis in porcine coronary arteries using gadofosveset, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2011;13:10
  13. Yamashita T, Takahara T, Kwee TC, et al., Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging with gadofosveset trisodium as a negative contrast agent for lymph node metastases assessment, Jpn J Radiol, 2011;29:25-32
  14. Lambregts DM, Beets GL, Maas M, et al., Accuracy of gadofosveset-enhanced MRI for nodal staging and restaging in rectal cancer, Ann Surg, 2011;253:539-45
  15. McGregor R, Vymazal J, Martinez-Lopez M, et al., A multi-center, comparative, phase 3 study to determine the efficacy of gadofosveset-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of renal artery disease, Eur J Radiol, 2008;65:316-25
  16. Bell, Daniel; Morgan, Matt. "Gadofosveset trisodium". Radiopaedia. radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  17. Gadocoletic acid Archived January 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  18. MultiHance
  19. Gadomelitol Archived January 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  20. Gadomer-17 Archived January 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
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