Blanche Baughan

Blanche Edith Baughan (16 January 1870 – 20 August 1958) was a New Zealand poet, writer, botanist and penal reformer.

Blanche Baughan
Blanche Baughan, 1935
Baughan with her dog, 1935
BornBlanche Edith Baughan
(1870-01-16)16 January 1870
Putney, England
Died20 August 1958(1958-08-20) (aged 88)
Christchurch, New Zealand
OccupationPoet, travel writer, naturalist and prison reformer
Alma materRoyal Holloway College
GenresPoetry, travel literature

Biography

Early life and education

Baughan was born in Putney, Surrey, England, on 16 January 1870, one of six children of John Baughan and Ruth Baughan (née Catterns).[1] Baughan attended Brighton High School for Girls.[2][3] In 1887 she began her studies at Royal Holloway College; she was one of 15 students who won an entrance scholarship of £50 a year.[2][3]: 54  She studied for a London University degree graduating in 1891 with a BA Class 1 Honours in classics; it was the first First Class Honours degree awarded to Royal Holloway College and Baughan was one of the first women to attend the college.[1][3]: 61 [4]

Family

Baughan’s mother Ruth was mentally ill and in 1878 Ruth and John divorced after living apart for two years.[3]: 23–27  After the divorce John Baughan moved the family to Brighton where he died in 1880.[3]: 35  Ruth lived in several different psychiatric hospitals or with relatives until her death in 1902.[3]: 42–43  Sources about Baughan have conflicting accounts of her family and life during this period: some record Baughan as caring for her mother[1][5][6] however Baughan’s biographer Carol Markwell found no record of this.[3]: 42  Similarly some sources assert that Ruth murdered John[5][6] but Markwell’s research found that he died of natural causes.[3]: 34–37 

After John’s death the family of six children continued to live in Montpelier Rd, Brighton with the eldest daughter Kate as head of the household.[3]: 44  One of her sisters Minnie worked in the Scottish Women's Hospitals in Serbia during World War I.[3]: 46 [7][8]

After graduation

After graduation Baughan lived and worked in the Settlement Movement in Shoreditch and Hoxton in the East End of London. There she would have witnessed first hand poverty, disease, unsafe working conditions and poor living standards.[3]: 64–66  After this she did private tutoring.[1][3]: 67  She was active in the suffrage movement,[1] having attended Royal Holloway College at the same time as suffragist Emily Davison.[3]: 58–59  In 1894 Baughan visited Quebec and had a brief love affair but she did not progress the relationship; she had vowed not to marry as she thought married women had dull lives and she was concerned that her mother's mental illness might be hereditary.[3]: 70–71  During this time she was writing poetry and her first volume was published in 1898.[1] She also began walking and hiking in the Lake District.[3]: 69 

Life in New Zealand

In December 1899 Baughan left England on the steamship Ruahine arriving in Wellington in 1900.[3]: 78–83  She took up a domestic job in Ormondville.[3]: 83  In 1901–2 she travelled around the Pacific Islands and Australia, returning to England in 1902 to attend her sister's wedding; she was in England when her mother died.[3]: 93–94  On her return to New Zealand that year she settled in Chorlton on Banks Peninsula where she became involved with the community.[3]: 95–104  In 1904 she travelled to Africa where she visited the Victoria Falls.[3]: 110–111  She later wrote an article about the Falls in the Lyttleton Times.[9] She made her last visit to England in 1906.[3]: 111–113  In 1910 after some ill health she moved to Clifton in Sumner and finally to Akaroa in 1930.[1] She became part of the literary community making friends with other writers such as Jessie Mackay, Johannes Carl Andersen, James Cowan and the Australian A.G. Stephens.[3]: 128–138  Baughan, Jessie Mackay and another writer Mary Colborne-Veel founded the Canterbury Women's Club in 1913 to learn about topics of interest in the wider world such as social work, education, the arts and current events.[3][10][11]

Baughan was a lover of the natural world.[1] She called herself "a nature mystic".[3]: 156  With her love of hiking and mountaineering, which had begun in England, she explored many parts of the country, writing about them in her travel essays. She collected plant specimens from the Westland side of the Copland Pass and a species of Ranunculus Ranunculus Baughani was named after her.[1][3]: 160 [12] In 1914, recognising that forest habitats and birds were being threatened, she joined conservationist Harry Ell and botanist Leonard Cockayne as founding members of the New Zealand Forest and Bird Protection Society; the society foundered during World War I but was succeeded by the Forest and Bird Society.[4][3]: 158–162 

She was interested in spirituality, mysticism and the natural world and immersed herself in Hindu Vedanta philosophy. In 1914–1915 she travelled to America where she was able to visit the Vedanta temple in San Francisco and make contact with some swamis, with whom she later corresponded.[1][3]: 163–180 [11] With her humanitarian and spiritual beliefs she supported conscientious objection during World War I.[3]: 174–175 [8] Her association with that cause, support for conscientious objector Archibald Baxter and the fact that she spoke German put her under some scrutiny at that time.[3]: 174–175 

In 1936, Baughan was elected unopposed as a member of the Akaroa Borough Council,[13] in a by-election following the resignation of William Hoffman.[14] She was the first woman elected to the council,[15] and stood for office following a dispute with the council over the state of the road outside her house.[16][17] She did not seek re-election in 1938.[18]

Baughan died in Akaroa in 1958.[1]

Writing
Specimen of Ranunculus Baughani collected by Baughan and identified by Donald Petrie, 1913

Baughan's first volume of poetry, Verses (1898), was published before she arrived in New Zealand.[11] It was well-received by reviewers.[3]: 72–75  Her second volume Reuben and Other Poems was published in 1903, and her third, Shingle-short and Other Verses, was published in 1908.[19][20][21] Some of the poems in Reuben and Other Poems were written in England and have English subjects while others were written in New Zealand.[3]: 88  Because many publishers were prejudiced against women authors she published under the name B.E. Baughan so as not to reveal her gender.[3]: 72–75 [6] Reviewers of her first three volumes of poetry assumed they were written by a man but her identity was revealed in 1909.[11] In 1912 she published a volume of prose sketches of colonial life, titled Brown Bread from a Colonial Oven.[22] It was Baughan's only published work of fiction and much of it is about life on Banks Peninsula; many of the stories had been previously published in magazines or newspapers.[3]: 104–109  In the years just before World War I she felt her poetry writing talent was diminishing.[1][3]: 146–147 [11] She published one more book of poetry Poems from the Port Hills in 1923.[23]

Baughan wrote for periodicals in New Zealand, Australia and Britain, including The Spectator which paid her for her essays and poems.[3]: 134 [11] As a result of her walking and mountaineering she established herself as travel writer and her article about the Milford Track, "The Finest Walk in the World", was published in The Spectator in 1909.[11] Her first book of essays was published in 1916 and reprinted in 1922 as Glimpses of New Zealand Scenery.[1][24] Whitcombe and Tombs published a number of her essays as books and booklets including ones on Arthur's Pass and the Otira Gorge in 1925 and on Mt Egmont in 1929.[3]: 151–152 [6]

In the last decades of her life Baughan worked on her only novel Two New Zealand Roses. It was never published and is considered to be strongly autobiographical.[3]: 262–272 

Prison reform

As a result of her spiritual beliefs, being able to live on private means and her experience of social work in London, Baughan was committed to, and campaigned for, civil liberty and prison reform.[1] She was a prison visitor at the Addington Reformatory where she met convicted murderer Alice Parkinson, joining the campaign for Parkinson's welfare and release.[3]: 185–186  To gain an insight into the prison system she also took a job at Point Halswell prison in Wellington.[3]: 186  An article in The Spectator prompted her, with her friend Berta Burns, to found the first branch of the Howard League for Penal Reform outside Britain in 1924.[1][3]: 187 [11] She believed in reform not only of prisoners but of prisons and the justice system, called for an end to the death penalty and flogging of prisoners, and offered shelter and assistance to released prisoners.[11][3]: 188–190  She proposed that prisoners suggest reforms to the system and that psychologists and trained staff be employed in prisons.[6][11] Using her writing talent Baughan penned many letters and articles in newspapers and gave lectures on prison reform.[3]: 191  In 1936, assisted by another penal reformer Frederick de la Mare and printed by Bob Lowry, she published the book People in Prison using the pseudonym 'TIS'. While it was controversial at the time it was far-sighted in advocating for probation, probation officers and treatment of prisoners' alcohol and mental health problems.[1][3]: 230–236 [11][25]

Awards

In 1935, she was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal for her contribution to social services.[1][26]

Selected works

Travel writing
  • The Victoria Falls (1907) – published in the Lyttleton Times
  • The Finest Walk in the World (1909) – first published in The Spectator
  • Snow Kings of the Southern Alps (1910)
  • Uncanny Country (1911)
  • Forest and Ice (1913)
  • A River of Pictures and Peace (1913)
  • The Summit Road: its scenery, botany and geology (1914) – written with Leonard Cockayne and Robert Speight
Frontispiece from Brown Bread from a Colonial Oven, illustration by Dagmar Huie

Other non-fiction

Poetry
  • Verses (1898)
  • Reuben and Other Poems (1903)
  • Shingle-short and Other Verses (1908)
  • Poems from the Port Hills (1923)

Fiction
  • Brown Bread from a Colonial Oven: being sketches of up-country life in New Zealand (1912)

References
  1. Harris, Nancy. "Blanche Edith Baughan". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  2. "The Royal Holloway College". Morning Post. 23 August 1887. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  3. Markwell, Carol (2021). Enough horizon : the life and work of Blanche Baughan. Wellington, Aotearoa, New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-988595-39-9. OCLC 1261298727. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. Pirie, Mark (Spring 2021). "Comment on B.E. Baughan and Ruth France". Poetry Notes Quarterly Newsletter. 11 (2): 1–3. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022 – via ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz.
  5. Green, Paula (January 2017). "Crawling Through the Archives: The Poetry of Blanche Edith Baughan". Turnbull Library Record. 49. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022 – via Papers Past.
  6. The Oxford companion to New Zealand literature. Roger Robinson, Nelson Wattie. Melbourne [Vic.]: Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-19-558348-5. OCLC 40598609. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. "A-Z of Personnel | Scottish Women's Hospitals". 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. "New Zealand". International Woman Suffrage News. 1 June 1918. p. 8 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  9. Baughan, B.E. (14 February 1907). "The Victoria Falls". Lyttleton Times. p. 8. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  10. "Mary Caroline Colborne-Veel, 1861-1923". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  11. Roth, Margot; Penfold, Merimeri; Williams, Bridget R (1995). "Blanche Baughan". In Macdonald, Charlotte; Penfold, Merimeri; Williams, Bridget (eds.). The book of New Zealand women. Wellington: B. Williams Books. pp. 62–64. ISBN 978-0-908912-04-9. OCLC 750715073. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  12. Petrie, D. (1912). "Descriptions of new species and varieties of native phanerogams". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society: 265. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022 – via Papers Past.
  13. "Akaroa Borough Council: Miss B. E. Baughan elected to vacancy". The Press. Vol. 72, no. 21793. 27 May 1936. p. 4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  14. "Local and general". Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser. Vol. 59, no. 6207. 19 May 1936. p. 2. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  15. "First lady councillor". Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser. Vol. 59, no. 6216. 19 June 1936. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  16. "Reform of local government". The Press. Vol. 72, no. 21775. 6 May 1936. p. 8. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  17. "Selwyn Avenue". Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser. Vol. 59, no. 6202. 1 May 1936. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  18. "Akaroa borough elections". Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser. Vol. 61, no. 6401. 3 May 1938. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  19. Baughan, B. E (1903). Reuben, and other poems. Westminster, England: Archibald Constable. OCLC 8492962. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  20. "Reuben and other poems.pdf - Wikisource, the free online library" (PDF). commons.wikimedia.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  21. Baughan, Blanche E. (1908). Shingle-short and Other Verses. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. OCLC 1072253672. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  22. Baughan, Blanche Edith (1912). Brown Bread from a Colonial Oven: being sketches of up-country life in New Zealand ... With illustrations by Dagmar Huie. Whitcombe & Tombs: London. OCLC 557408577. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  23. Baughan, B. E (1923). Poems from the Port Hills. Auckland, N.Z.; Melbourne: Whitcombe & Tombs. OCLC 9864843. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  24. Baughan, B.E. (1922). Glimpses of New Zealand Scenery. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. OCLC 154274103.
  25. Baughan, Blanche E.; Lowry, Bob (1936). People in Prison. Auckland: Unicorn Press. OCLC 154161508.
  26. "Official jubilee medals". Evening Post. 6 May 1935. p. 4. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2013.

Further reading
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