Biosatellite program

NASA's Biosatellite program was a series of three uncrewed artificial satellites to assess the effects of spaceflight, especially radiation and weightlessness, on living organisms. Each was designed to reenter Earth's atmosphere and be recovered at the end of its mission.

Biosatellite
Biosatellite 3
ManufacturerGeneral Electric
Country of originUnited States
OperatorNASA
ApplicationsBioscience
Specifications
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Design life8-30 days
Production
StatusRetired
Launched3
Maiden launchBiosatellite 1
14 December 1966
Last launchBiosatellite 3
29 June 1969

Its primary goal was to determine the effects of space environment, particularly weightlessness, on life processes at three levels of organization: basic biochemistry of the cell; structure of growth of cells and tissues; and growth and form of entire plants and animals.[1]

Biosatellite 1
Main article: Biosatellite 1

Biosatellite 1, also known as Biosat 1 and Biosatellite A, was the first mission in the Biosatellite program. It was launched on December 14, 1966, by a Delta G rocket from Launch Complex 17A of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.[2] Biosatellite 1 was the first series Biosatellite satellites. It was inserted in an initial orbit of 296 km perigee, 309 km apogee and 33.5 degrees of orbital inclination, with a period 90.5 minutes.

Biosatellite 1 carried several specimens for the study of the effects of the space environment on biological processes. Prior to reentry, the entry capsule separated from the satellite bus properly, but its deorbit motor failed to ignite, leaving it stranded in a slowly decaying orbit. It re-entered and disintegrated on February 15, 1967.

Biosatellite 2
Main article: Biosatellite 2

Biosatellite 2, also known as Biosat 2 and Biosatellite B, was the second mission in the Biosatellite program. It was launched on September 7, 1967, by a Delta G rocket from Launch Complex 17B of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.[3]

Biosatellite 2 carried thirteen biological experiments involving insects, frog eggs, plants and microorganisms. The mission was ended early due to a tropical storm threat.[4] Despite returning approximately a day early, its 45 hours of earth-orbital flight enabled valid conclusions to be made in the thirteen experiments on board, by comparing the onboard samples to earthbound control organisms.[5]

Biosatellite 3
Main article: Biosatellite 3

Biosatellite 3, also known as Biosat 3 and Biosatellite D, was the third mission in the Biosatellite program.

Though the mission's scientific agenda was a failure, Biosatellite 3 was influential in shaping the life sciences flight experiment program, pointing to the need for centralised management, realistic goals and substantial pre-flight experiment verification testing. The mission objective was to investigate the effect of space flight on brain states, behavioural performance, cardiovascular status, fluid and electrolyte balance, and metabolic state.[6]

Table
Satellite Rocket Launch date Launch site Decay date COSPAR ID SATCAT
Biosatellite 1 Delta G 14 December 1966 Cape Canaveral LC-17B 15 February 1967 1966-114A 02632
Biosatellite 2 Delta G 7 September 1967 Cape Canaveral LC-17B 4 October 1967 1967-083B 09236
Biosatellite 3 Delta N 29 June 1969 Cape Canaveral LC-17A 7 July 1969 1969-056A 04000
  • Biosatellite program
  • Biosatellite 1
    Biosatellite 1
  • Drawing of Biosatellite 2
    Drawing of Biosatellite 2
  • Location of the monkey on the Biosatellite 3
    Location of the monkey on the Biosatellite 3

See also

References
  1. Rosenthal, Alfred. "A record of NASA space missions since 1958". NASA. NASA Technical Reports Server. hdl:2060/19940003358. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  2. Biosatellite. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2016-16-05.
  3. Biosat 1, 2, 3 (Bios 1, 2, 3). Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2016-16-05.
  4. Biosatellite 2. Mark Wade, Astronautix. Accessed 14 June 2018.
  5. Bioscience 18(6):pp.535-661, June 1968.
  6. "Mission information: Biosatellite III". NASA. Retrieved 25 May 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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