Hafsa Sultan

Hafsa Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه سلطان, "Young lioness"; c. 1473 or before – 19 March 1534), also called Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, was a concubine of Selim I and the first Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire as the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the period between her son's enthronement in 1520 and her death in 1534, she was one of the most influential persons in the Ottoman Empire.[7]

Not to be confused with Ayşe Hatun (wife of Selim I) or Hafsa Hatun.
In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Hafsa, the title is Sultan, and there is no family name.
Hafsa Sultan
Bust in Manisa, Turkey
Valide sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Tenure30 September 1520 – 19 March 1534
SuccessorNurbanu Sultan
Bornc. 1473 or before[1]
Died19 March 1534(1534-03-19) (aged 60–61)[2]
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Yavuz Selim Mosque, Fatih, Istanbul
SpouseSelim I
IssueHatice Sultan
Hafize Hafsa Sultan (disputed)
Beyhan Sultan (disputed)
Fatma Sultan
Suleiman I
Names
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan
Ottoman Turkish: حفصه سلطان
HouseHouse of Osman marriage
FatherAbd'ûl-Muin, Abdüllah[3][4] or Abdulhay[4][5][6]
ReligionSunni Islam

Origins

The traditional view holding that Hafsa Sultan was the daughter of Meñli I Giray (1445–1515), the khan of the Crimean Tatars for much of the period between 1466 and 1515, resting on seventeenth century western authors accounts, has been challenged in favor of a Christian slave origin based on Ottoman documentary evidence.[8][9] Only few historians still follow the traditional view, including Brian Glyn Williams.[10] Reşat Kasaba mentions the marriage between Selim I and Hafsa Sultan as the "last marriage between an Ottoman sultan and a member of a neighboring Muslim royal family".[11] Esin Atıl, however, states that whilst some historians state that she was the daughter of Giray, others have mentioned that the Crimean princess named "Ayse" was another one of Selim I's wives and that "Hafsa" may have been of slave origin.[4] Ilya Zaytsev claims that "Ayşe (daughter of Mengli-Giray I)" first married Şehzade Mehmed, the governor of Kefe, and that she later married his brother Selim I; consequently, her marriage into the Ottoman dynasty was one of two noted instances of wedlock between the Girays and the Ottomans (the other being the marriage of Selim I's daughter, maybe Gevherhan Sultan, to Saadet-Giray, but also this marriage'' is not proved).[12] Alan W. Fisher, Leslie Peirce, and Feridun Emecen all see Hafsa as of slave origin and not the daughter of the Crimean Khan.[13]

Life
The külliye built on the orders of Hafsa Sultan in Manisa. It is part of the adjoining Sultan Mosque

Having resided in the city of Manisa in western Turkey with her son, Suleiman, who administered the surrounding region between 1513 and 1520 (the town functioned as one of the traditional residences for Ottoman crown princes (veliaht şehzade) in apprenticeship for future power), Hafsa Sultan initiated the Manisa's "Mesir Festival", a local tradition continued today. She also had a large complex built in the city consisting of a mosque known as the Sultan Mosque, a primary school, a college, and a hospice.

As mother of new sultan Suleyman, in the 1521 she was also the first Ottoman imperial women who held title "sultan" after her given name, replacing title "hatun". This usage reflected the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as "family prerogative".[14] Consequently, the title valide hatun (title for living mother of the reigning Ottoman sultan before 16th century) also turned into valide sultan, making Hafsa the first valide sultan. Her era signalled the shifting status of the sultan's mother and her increased share in power.[15] She had a kira named Strongilah.[16]

Death
The entrance to the türbe of Hafsa Sultan

Hafsa Sultan died in March 1534 and was buried near her husband in a mausoleum behind the qiblah wall of Yavuz Selim Mosque, in Fatih, Istanbul. The mausoleum was largely destroyed in an earthquake in 1884, a reconstruction effort started in the 1900s (decade) having been left discontinued, and her tomb today is much simpler than it was built originally.

Issue

From Selim, Hafsa had at least three children:[17]

  • Hatice Sultan (d. after 1543). She married twice and had five sons and at least three daughters.
  • Fatma Sultan (d. c. 1566). She married three times. It is uncertain whether she had children.
  • Suleiman I (1494 - 1566); 10th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

To these there are two other daughters, whose motherhood of Hafsa is however discussed:[18]

  • Hafize Hafsa Sultan (c. 1491, Trabzon - 10 July 1538, Constantinople). She married twice and had one son.
  • Beyhan Sultan (c. 1492, Trabzon - 1559, Skopje). She married at least once and had at least a daughter.

In the historical TV series The Magnificent Century she is played by the Turkish actress Nebahat Çehre. Here for plot reasons she is represented as the mother of Şah Sultan (one of other Selim's daughters by other concubine) rather than Hafize Sultan.

References
  1. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 199. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.
  2. Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-19-508677-5.
  3. Sakaoğlu, Necdet [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 148. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6. (Her name is given as "Hafsa bint-i Abdü'l-Muin" in Kitâbeler by İ. H. Uzunçarşılı. This shows that she was of non-Turkish origin, and later converted to Islam.)
  4. Atıl, Esin (1987), The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, National Gallery of Art, p. 27, ISBN 0810918552, Some historians state that she was the daughter of Mengili Giray Han, the ruler of the Crimean Tatars. Others mention that Ayse, another wife of Selim I, was the Crimean princess and give as Hafsa's father a man named Abdulmumin or Abdulhay, and unknown person - suggesting that she was of slave origin.
  5. Name of girl, daughter of Abdüllah" (Ottoman Turkish: Name bin Abdüllah) was the typical Ottoman term for slave girls who converted to Islam. Therefore Abdüllah would not be the real name of Hafsa's father, but an indication of her origins as a Christian slave
  6. It has debunked by moderns historians that Ayşe Hafsa was the "Ayşe" daughter of Menli I Giray, Khan of Crimea, that married an Ottoman prince, who was Ayşe Hatun instead
  7. Pietro Bragadin, Venetian Republic's ambassador in the early years of Suleiman the Magnificent's reign notes "a very beautiful woman of 48, for whom the sultan bears great reverence and love..." Peirce, Leslie (1993). The Imperial Harem : Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-19-508677-5.
  8. Alan Fisher (1993). "The Life and Family of Suleyman I". In İnalcık, Halil; Kafadar, Cemal (eds.). Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and his time. Isis Press. That she was a Tatar, a daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, was a story apparently begun by Jovius, repeated by other western sources, and taken up by Merriman in his biography of Suleyman
  9. Encyclopedia of Islam vol. IX (1997), s.v. Suleyman p.833
  10. Glyn Williams, Brian (2001), The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation, BRILL, p. 56, ISBN 0295801492, Ottoman princes, such as the future Ottoman Sultans Selim I (who married Mengli Giray Khan's daughter, Hafsa Hatun...
  11. Kasaba, Resat (2011), A Moveable Empire: Ottoman Nomads, Migrants, and Refugees, University of Washington Press, p. 44, ISBN 978-0295801490, The last marriage between an Ottoman sultan and a member of a neighboring Muslim royal family was the one between Selim I and Hafsa Sultan, the daughter of the Crimean ruler Mengli Giray Khan.
  12. Zaytsev, Ilya (2006), "The Structure of the Giray Dynasty (15th-16th centuries): Matrimonial and Kinship Relations of the Crimean Khans", Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10-15 July 2005, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 341, ISBN 3447054166, Only two instances concerning the Ottomans are noted. Ayshe (daughter of Mengli-Giray I) was married to şehzade and governor of Kefe Mehmed, and to his brother Selim I later on (917/1511). Sultan Selim's daughter was married to Saadet-Giray.
    • Alan Fisher (1993). "The Life and Family of Süleymân I". In İnalcık, Halil; Cemal Kafadar (eds.). Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and His Time. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 9. ISBN 975-428-052-5.
    • Emecen, Feridun (2010). "Süleyman I". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 38. İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. pp. 62–74. Information indicating that she was the daughter of the Crimean Khan or was related to the family of Dulkadıroğlu is incorrect.
    • Peirce, Leslie (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 40. ISBN 0-19-508677-5.
  14. Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508677-5.
  15. Amy Singer (2002). Constructing Ottoman beneficence: An imperial soup kitchen in Jerusalem. State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-7914-5351-0.
  16. Minna Rozen: A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul, The Formative Years, 1453 – 1566 (2002), pp.204-205
  17. Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508677-5
  18. Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508677-5
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