Arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo

This photograph holds significance in the context of the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. It portrays a disheveled young man wearing a dark suit, being forcibly taken towards the entrance of a building, presumably a police station. In the foreground, armed Austro-Hungarian gendarmes are shown restraining a group of Bosnian Muslims, recognizable by their traditional attire, which includes fezzes, short waistcoats, and Turkish trousers, while bystanders across the street observe the scene.[4]

According to Professor of Art History Rebecca Houze, the diversity of dress displayed in the photograph adds to a sense of chaos and agitation in the moment, and "reminds us of the roots of the assassination in ethnic tension and nationalistic conflict".[10]

The image has been widely published in numerous school and history books, continuing to be included in present-day publications; it is often accompanied by headlines such as "The Man Who Began The Great War"[11] and descriptions that label it as "the unique photograph showing the arrest of Princip, the Serbian student, immediately after he had assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarajevo on June 26, 1914."[11] Educators have even recommended its use in classrooms as "The arrest of Gavrilo Princip . . . an example of photographs that have played a role in shaping our understanding of 20th-century Europe".[12]

The image has garnered notable recognition, being listed as one of the World's Best Photographs in 1940[11] and included in the compilation "Photos that Changed the World" in 2006, with the caption "Arrest of Archduke Ferdinand's assassin."[13] Consequently, it is widely assumed that the primary subject of the photograph is Gavrilo Princip, the assassin, being apprehended immediately after the fatal shooting.[9]

On 29 March 1955, an article published in the Yugoslav journal Republika raised doubts about the identity of the man being arrested in the photograph, suggesting that Princip could not be the person depicted in the image.[14] Subsequently, in 1966, Yugoslav historian Vladimir Dedijer (1914–1990) conducted an investigation for his reference book The Road to Sarajevo, which focused on the assassination of the Archduke by Princip. Dedijer's research also led to the conclusion that the individual shown in the photograph was not Gavrilo Princip.[15]

Another young man, Ferdinand Behr, tried to help Princip. He too was arrested, and while he was being taken to the police, a photographer took his picture . . . his picture later appeared in many newspapers and books, some of them years after the assassination.

— Vladimir Dedijer, in The Road to Sarajevo (1966), [16]

According to historian Christopher Andrew, the photograph shows the arrest of Ferdinand Behr, an innocent bystander.

Modern scholars concur that the photograph does not depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip, but rather one of his friends who had no involvement in the assassination.[9] According to the research conducted by Austrian photographic historian Dr. Anton Holzer, Ferdinand Behr (also known as Ferdo Ber), was caught up in the wave of arrests that followed the shooting.[1] German historian Dr. Christoph Hamann, in his article published in the academic journal of historical photography, Fotogeschichte, wrote that Ferdinand Behr was a school friend of Princip from Sarajevo. When Behr witnessed Princip being targeted by an enraged crowd after the crime, he attempted to protect his friend, unaware that Princip was the actual assassin.[15] As a result, Behr himself was arrested and taken to the police station on suspicion of being involved in the assassination.[15]

The most famous photograph of the aftermath of the Sarajevo assassination is commonly believed to show the manhandling of Gavrilo Princip. In fact it shows the arrest of an Innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr, during the confusion which followed the killing of the royal couple.[17]

— Christopher Andrew, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History, former Chair of the Faculty of History at Cambridge University, June 2018

According to Sunday Times journalist David James Smith, the young man was photographed on the way to the police station, Smith asserts that there is no authentic photograph of Princip's arrest and confirms that the picture actually shows the apprehension of Ferdinand Behr.[18]

British journalist Tim Butcher spent three years researching Princip's life, from 2011 to 2014. Upon completing his research, Butcher confirmed that the individual apprehended in the image was Ferdinand Behr.[19] Butcher referred to the photograph as "the famous picture that so many historians, journalists and archivists . . . wrongly believed to show the actual assassin being led away.[20] A statement written by Behr in 1930, several years after the photograph was taken, expressed his surprise at being mistakenly identified as Princip, Behr highlighted the difference in physical appearance between himself and Princip, stating that Princip was much slighter and shorter in stature..[21]

I saw the photograph that supposedly showed Princip brought to prison by guards. To my great surprise, I saw myself being led away by the police. The photographer had probably caught the moment when I was taken to prison . . . Incidentally, anyone who knew Princip can easily see that, since he was small, whereas I was tall and thin back then, as I am now.

— Ferdinand Behr (Ferdo Ber) statement in Pregled, September 1930[22]

According to Christopher Clark, Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge, given the technological development of photography in 1914, if somebody had managed to get a snapshot like this of the arrest of Princip, "it would be nothing short of a miracle". Clark explained that, a couple of days after the assassination and the capture of Gavrilo Princip, the Police tipped off the photographer about an upcoming arrest. In order to make a large profit from its syndication, the photographer subsequently decided to sell the image captioned as “The arrest of Gavrilo Princip”.[4]

Since the statement of Ferdinand Behr in 1930, it has been known that the person arrested in the photo was not the assassin Princip, but his school friend Behr.[15] For the Institut für Österreichkunde (Institute for Austrian Studies), fifty years after the event, after Vladimir Dedijer published his book, the identity of the subject was confirmed as "an acquaintance of Princip called Ferdo Behr".[23]

Other sources identified the subject as Nedeljko Čabrinović, an error that most probably originated with the Österreichs Illustrierte Zeitung or with postcards publisher Philipp Rubel, who in 1914, both erroneously identified the subject as "bomb thrower Čabrinović".[24] The photo agency Getty Images sells a few versions of the photograph of the arrest, one of them with the following caption: "The arrested man previously thought to be Gavrilo Princip . . . is now thought to be one of his six co-conspirators Nedeljko Cabrinovic".[25] After purchasing the image from Getty Images Life Magazine published it in LIFE Secret Societies with the caption: "Cabrinovic is arrested, a photo long erroneously thought to depict Princip".[26] Another version for sale by Getty is captioned : "Picture taken on June 28 1914 of Serb terrorist Gavrilo Princip (2ndR) upon his arrest after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand".[27]

The Viennese center for historical photography, Photoinstitut Bonartes, identified the author as Austrian photographer Walter Tausch, the owner a studio called Photographische Kunstanstalt Sarajevo (Sarajevo Photographic Art Institute) on Kulovica Street in Sarajevo.[28] Tausch moved to Sarajevo on behalf of the Austro-Hungarian government in 1910 and immediately opened his studio.[lower-alpha 2] Tausch was the professional photographer who had captured the arrival of the Archduke and the Duchess in Ilidža, on their arrival into Bosnia at the train station, the greeting of the Duchess Hohenberg by the head of the state at Hotel Bosna in Ilidža, the departure of the couple from the city hall of Sarajevo after the first bomb attack, a few minutes before the fateful revolver attack on 28 June 1914, the journey through the streets in an automobile, including the scene of the first (bomb) attack by Nedeljko Čabrinović,[15] and right after the assassination attempt, the escorting of the murderer Gavrilo Princip and his comrades to prison.[28] Walter Tausch is widely credited as the professional photographer who took pictures at the scene of the assassination.[29] Fotogeschichte, names Tausch as president of the “Association of Professional Photographers” from Bosnia and Herzegovina and that his professional reputation explains why he was able to secure an accreditation as an official photographer for the duration of the Archduke's visit to Sarajevo, and why he is most likely the author of the image of the arrest.[15] According to Christoph Hamann the photographer of the canonical photo of the arrest of the alleged assassin was known by name since the Österreichs Illustrierte Zeitung credited Walter Tausch in its 5 July 1914 issue.[15]

In some sources, the names Charles Trampus or Philipp Rubel are mentioned as photographers of the picture. In 1971 the postcard was presented in issue 3 of the German monthly magazine Foto und Film-Prisma with the following legend: "Philipp Rubel: Capture of Gavrilo Princip after the assassination attempt on Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Sarajevo, June 28, 1914". In 1983 American photo historian Helmut Gernsheim published the picture with the same legend in his book "History of Photography"'.[28] According to Holzer, Charles Trampus was the owner of Paris-based photo agency "Press Agency Trampus" and not a photographer while Philipp Rubel owned a postcard publishing company that only sold photography.[28] Holzer credits the author as an anonymous photographer from Sarajevo who sold the picture to Charles Trampus. Rubel acquired the rights of reproduction from Trampus, for Austria-Hungary and the German Empire, and published the photo as a postcard with the mention "Property and Publisher Philipp Rubel, Vienna" printed on the back.[28] This information is available in the photography database of the Albertina Museum in Vienna.[30]

Bonartes Photoinstitut found records of a legal case brought by Philipp Rubel against Österreichische Zeitungsdruckerei-AG, a publishing house in Vienna, that printed and distributed postcards without permission. The identity of the photographer Walter Tausch and the acquisition of the rights by the publisher Rubel as well as the complaint procedure against Österreichische Zeitungsdruckerei-AG have been in public records since 15 January 1915, when the court hearing took place in Vienna. In the legal proceedings, the printer was acquitted because the image was not a portrait but a "situational picture" and no corresponding reservation was noted on the prints.[30] The data was published within the report and reported in the Neue Wiener Tagblatt, a popular Viennese daily newspaper, of 16 January 1915. According to Timm Starl author of Lexikon zur Fotografie in Österreich 1839 bis 1945 (Lexicon on photography in Austria from 1839 to 1945), the Austrian photography database, a short version of the court proceedings is available in the database "Bibliography on Photography in Austria" on the Albertina Museum website and accessible since 21 December 1998.[28]

Other sources like the Croatian History Museum of Zagreb claim that the author was an amateur photographer named Milos Oberajger who had found himself between the policemen and the assassin on the day of the assassination. According to the museum a written explanation in Hungarian was found on the back of the photograph.[31] Getty images sells a version of the image with the following credit: "The arrest of Nedeljko Cabrinovic . . . captured by amateur photographer Milos Oberajger" giving the source of the image as Topical Press Agency, a British photo agency established in 1903 and dissolved in 1957.[25] A 2006 book called "Terrorism Essential Primary Sources" credits the same person as photographer, giving the source as the Croatian History Museum in Zagreb.[32]

Other photographers like Carl Seebald, who was running a photo agency in Vienna, also sold the photo to the press, allegedly showing the assassin, under their own name adding to the confusion.[1]

On 5 July 1914, a week after the assassination, the Austrian weekly newspaper Wiener Bilder published the photograph on its front page, allegedly showing the Sarajevo assassin with the caption Die Ermordung des Thronfolgers und seiner Gemahlin in Sarajevo. Die Festnahme des Mörders Princip (The assassination of the heir to the throne and his wife in Sarajevo. The arrest of the murderer Princip) without crediting the photographer.[1] The same day, a Viennese daily, Österreichs Illustrierte Zeitung, ran it with the caption “The bomb thrower Čabrinović“.[30] A few days later, on 9 July 1914, Die Hamburger Woche No. 28, the illustrated magazine of the Hamburger Nachrichten, published it as “The arrest of the assassin in Sarajevo" and credited Trampus as the photographer.[1] Also on 9 July 1914 the largest magazine in the country Das Interessante Blatt also ran the picture with the caption: Die Festnahme des 20 jährigen Gymnasiasten Gavro Princip, des Mörders des Thronfolgerpaares (The arrest of the 20-year-old high school student Gavro Princip, the murderer of the heir to the throne).[14]

In 2005 the Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography published the image as "the critical moment that would trigger the war, captured in a photograph on the cover of the 9 July 1914 issue of Die Hanzburger Woche showing the arrest of Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip after he had shot the Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne".[33] The scene quickly became famous after postcards were made of it, reprinted again in newspapers around the world, and to this day also on book covers, university-level textbooks and in museums with the same caption claiming that the arrested person was the murderer Princip.[1]

On 16 June 2012, Austrian photography historian Anton Holzer published his research about the photograph of the arrest, in the Austrian daily Die Press, under the headline “The murderer who wasn't one”. Holzer found out that doubts about the subject being Princip had existed from the start, but once the image went into circulation, the story could no longer be stopped and to this day, the person arrested in the photo continues to be depicted as the assassin of Franz Ferdinand.[1] According to Butcher the image fit so well the narrative of the desperate assassin that countless historians, reporters, broadcasters and film-makers have continue to claim that the subject of the photograph was Princip.[21] Christopher Clark calls it an "egregious mistake", since there is no photograph of the moment of the attack itself, the arrest photo ultimately had the status of a media substitute.[15] The image became an icon of the 20th century after being republished as the arrest of the man who fired the shot that started the First World War.[1]

Hans B. von Sothen, author of Photos make politics, Fakes and Manipulation, a book on the subject of photo manipulation and photo forgery, concludes that even though the photo does not depict the assassin and there is no photo of the arrest of the actual assassin, this photo remains one of the most fascinating in world history.[22] Christoph Hamann sees it as a visual symbol that kept the assassination and the narrative of Serbia's political responsibility in the long-term memory.[15]

• Andrew, C. (2018). The Secret World: A History of Intelligence. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-241-30522-5.
• Butcher, T. (2015). The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War. Vintage Books. Vintage Publishing. ISBN 978-0-09-958133-8.
• Clark, C. (2012). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-7181-9295-2.
• Dedijer, V. (1966). The Road to Sarajevo. Simon and Schuster.
• Hastings, M. (2013). Catastrophe: Europe Goes to War 1914. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-751975-0.
• Houze, R. (2017). "Textiles, Fashion, and Design Reform in Austria-Hungary Before the First World War ": Principles of Dress. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-54688-1.
• Institut für Österreichkunde (1990). Österreich in Geschichte und Literatur mit Geographie [Austria in history and literature] (in German). Institut für Österreichkunde.
• Lerner, K.L.; Lerner, B.W. (2006). Terrorism: Essential Primary Sources. Gale virtual reference library. Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-1-4144-0320-5.
• Lyon, J. (2015). Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4725-8003-0.
• Magazine, L. (2020). LIFE Secret Societies. TI Incorporated Books. ISBN 978-1-5478-5640-4.
• Mitrović, A. (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914-1918. Central European studies. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-476-7.
• Mulligan, W. (2017). The Origins of the First World War. New Approaches to European History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-15959-4.
• Smith, D.J. (2010). One Morning In Sarajevo: The true story of the assassination that changed the world. Orion. ISBN 978-0-297-85608-5.
• Stepan, P.; Biegert, C. (2006). Photos that Changed the World: The 20th Century. Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-3628-2.
• Stradling, R. (2001). Teaching 20th-century European History. Collection Education. Council of Europe Pub. ISBN 978-92-871-4466-9.
• von Sothen, H.B. (2017). Bild-Legenden: Fotos machen Politik - Fälschungen Fakes Manipulationen [Photos Politics - Forgeries • Fakes • Manipulations]. Ares Verlag. ISBN 978-3-902732-04-0.
• Wade, J. (2020). Cameras at War: Photo Gear that Captured 100 Years of Conflict - From Crimea to Korea. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-5267-6013-5.
• Warren, L. (2005). Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-20536-2.
• Wm. H. Wise & Co (1940). The World's Best Photographs. Wise.

• Albertina online. "Datenbanksuche" (in German).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Bonartes Photoinstitut Center for historical photography. "Wechselvolle Geschichte" [Bonartes Postcards project]. Bonartes Postkartenprojekt (in German).
• Butcher, Tim (2014). "Sarajevo's Elusive Assassin". History Today.
• Clark, Christopher (September 29, 2014). "Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914". Gresham College. 29 September 2014 lecture's transcript.
• Croatian History Museum (1914). "Photograph of the arrest of Gavrilo Princip". Croatian History Museum.
• Die Presse (June 15, 2012). "Der Mörder, der keiner war" [The murderer who wasn't one] (in German).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Fotogeschichte Zeitschrift. "Fotogeschichte Zeitschrift: Christoph_Hamann_Das Attentat von Sarajevo_Fotogeschichte_153_2019" [The Assassination Attempt In Sarajevo 1914, Visual Strategies Of The Contemporary Austrian Picture Press] (in German).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Getty Images. "Police in Sarajevo arrest a man after a failed assassination attempt".
• Getty Images (1914). "Picture taken on June 28 1914 of Serb terrorist Gavrilo Princip upon..."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Imperial War Museums. "The Assassination Of The Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Sarajevo, 1914".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)