Arisaema quinatum

Arisaema quinatum is a species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae.[2] It is a member of the Arisaema triphyllum complex, a group of closely related taxa in eastern North America. The specific name quinatum means "divided into five lobes",[3] a reference to its characteristic leaves. It is commonly known as the southern Jack-in-the-pulpit (or southern Jack) but some refer to it as Preacher John.[4]

Arisaema quinatum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Arisaema
Species:
A. quinatum
Binomial name
Arisaema quinatum
(Nutt.) Schott[1]
Synonyms[2]
A. quinatum
    • Arisaema polymorphum (Buckley) Chapm.
    • Arum polymorphum Buckley
    • Arum quinatum Nutt.
    • Arisaema triphyllum subsp. quinatum (Nutt.) Huttl.

Description

Arisaema quinatum is a herbaceous, perennial, flowering plant growing from a corm. Like other members of the Arisaema triphyllum complex, it has three leaflets per leaf, but typically the lateral leaflets are two-parted or lobed, giving the appearance of five leaflets per leaf. The spathe hood is elliptic to orbicular, with an abruptly apiculate tip. Its spadix appendix is thin, cylindrical, and curved outward whereas the appendix of other members of the complex is thicker, sometimes club-shaped, and straight.[4] The shape of the spathe hood and the curved spadix appendix make this taxon easily recognizable, usually even as a herbarium specimen.[5]

Taxonomy

Arisaema quinatum was first described as Arum quinatum by the English botanist Thomas Nuttall in 1818.[6] Its type specimen was collected in Georgia by "Dr. Baldwyn",[7] apparently a reference to American physician and botanist William Baldwin.[8] The Austrian botanist Heinrich Wilhelm Schott placed Arum quinatum Nutt. in genus Arisaema in 1856.[1][9] The name Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott is widely used today but Nuttall's contribution is sometimes overlooked.

Arum polymorphum was described by Samuel Botsford Buckley in 1843.[10] Its type specimen was collected on the banks of the French Broad River in eastern Tennessee.[11] Alvan Wentworth Chapman placed the taxon in genus Arisaema in 1860.[12] In his description, Buckley suggested that the specimen might be Arum quinatum Nutt., but in 1981, Huttleston argued that Arisaema polymorphum (Buckley) Chapm. was of hybrid origin, with parents Arisaema quinatum and Arisaema pusillum.[5] Today, most authorities consider Arisaema polymorphum to be a synonym for Arisaema quinatum.[13][14][15]

Arisaema quinatum is a member of the Arisaema triphyllum complex, a group of closely related taxa that also includes Arisaema acuminatum, Arisaema pusillum, Arisaema stewardsonii, and Arisaema triphyllum. As of March 2023, some authorities consider Arisaema quinatum to be a synonym for Arisaema triphyllum or A. triphyllum subsp. quinatum.[16][17][18] However, most authorities accept Arisaema quinatum and the other species-level members of the complex.[19][14][4][20][21][15][22]

Distribution and habitat

Arisaema quinatum is narrowly endemic to the southeastern United States, ranging from North Carolina to east Texas.[2][17] It is known (but rare) as far north as West Virginia.[23] A disjunct population occurs in the central portion of the Florida Panhandle, in Walton, Liberty, Leon, and Jefferson counties, where the species is commonly known as Prester John.[15][24]

Conservation

The global conservation status of Arisaema quinatum is unknown. It is uncommon (S3) in North Carolina,[20] and rare in Florida.[24]

References
  1. "Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  2. "Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  3. Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  4. Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022), pp. 180–1.
  5. Huttleston (1981).
  6. "Arum quinatum Nutt.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  7. Nuttall, Thomas (1818). The genera of North American plants, and a catalogue of the species, to the year 1817: Volume II. Philadelphia. p. 222. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  8. Stuckey, Ronald L. (1979). "Type specimens of flowering plants from eastern North America in the herbarium of Lewis David von Schweinitz". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 131: 30. ISBN 9781437955279. JSTOR 4064781. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  9. Schott, Heinrich Wilhelm (1856). Synopsis Aroidearum complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis: Volume 1. p. 28. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  10. "Arum polymorphum Buckley". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  11. Buckley, S. B. (1843). "Description of some New Species of Plants". American Journal of Science and Arts. New Haven, CT. 45 (1): 173. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  12. "Arisaema polymorphum (Buckley) Chapm.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  13. "Arisaema polymorphum (Buckley) Chapm.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  14. "Arisaema quinatum Schott". The World Flora Online. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  15. "Arisaema quinatum". Atlas of Florida Plants. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  16. Thompson, Sue A. (2000). "Arisaema triphyllum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 22. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 February 2023 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  17. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. quinatum (Buckley) Huttleston". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  18. "Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  19. "Arisaema Mart.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  20. "Southern Jack-in-the-pulpit - Arisaema quinatum (Nuttall) Schott". Vascular Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina Biodiversity Project. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  21. "Arisaema". Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  22. Gusman, Guy; Gusman, Liliane (2006). The genus Arisaema: A monograph for botanists and nature lovers (2nd ed.). Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. pp. 1–474. ISBN 0881928399.
  23. "Arisaema quinatum (Nuttall) Schott". Flora of the Southeastern United States (2022 Edition). Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  24. Ward, Daniel B. (August 2012). "Keys to the flora of Florida - 31, Arisaema (Araceae)" (PDF). Phytologia. 94 (2): 151–158. Retrieved 7 February 2023.

Bibliography
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