Anna Elizabeth Dickinson

Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (October 28, 1842 – October 22, 1932) was an American orator and lecturer. An advocate for the abolition of slavery and for women's rights, Dickinson was the first woman to give a political address before the United States Congress. A gifted speaker at a very young age, she aided the Republican Party in the hard-fought 1863 elections and significantly influenced the distribution of political power in the Union just prior to the Civil War. Dickinson was the first white woman on record to summit Colorado's Longs Peak, Lincoln Peak, and Elbert Peak (on a mule), and she was the second to summit Pike's Peak.

Anna Elizabeth Dickinson
Born(1842-10-28)October 28, 1842
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedOctober 22, 1932(1932-10-22) (aged 89)
Goshen, New York, U.S.
Resting placeSlate Hill Cemetery, Goshen, New York
41.399°N 74.326°W / 41.399; -74.326
EducationFriends Select School, Westtown School
Occupation(s)Lecturer and author
Years active1857–1888 women's rights, and temperance

Early life

Dickinson was born on October 28, 1842, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Quakers[1][2] and abolitionists, John and Mary Edmundson Dickinson. Her Edmundson and Dickinson ancestors immigrated to the United States from England[3] and with other Quakers settled at Tred Avon, or Third Haven, near Easton, Maryland, in about the 1660s.[4] She had three older brothers—John, Edwin, and Samuel—and an older sister, Susan.[3][5]

Dickinson's father died in 1844 when she was two years old after giving a speech against slavery.[2][6] Left in poverty,[3] Mary opened a school in their home and took in boarders to support the family.[4] Dickinson was educated at Friends Select School of Philadelphia[1] and for a short time, until age 15, at Westtown School.[3] A hardworking student, she spent any money she earned on books,[2] having acquired an interest in literary classics from her mother.[7] At the age of 14, she converted to the Methodist Church, and remained active in the church throughout her life.[3]

Career

Early years
The Liberator masthead, 1850

The Liberator, a newspaper owned by abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison,[2][6] published an essay on February 22, 1856, about the abuse received by an abolitionist schoolteacher in Kentucky. She was not yet 14.[7]

Photograph of Anna Dickinson in profile, facing left.
Anna Dickinson, [ca. 1859–1870]. Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.

She went to work at the age of 15, about 1857, as a copyist.[3] In 1859 and 1860, she was a teacher in Berks County, Pennsylvania,[1] during which time she lived with the John and Elizabeth Longstreth family in Bristol, Pennsylvania.[8] In May 1861, she obtained a clerkship for the United States Mint; she was one of the mint's first female employees. Dickinson was removed in December of that year for saying that General George McClellan's poor performance at Battle of Ball's Bluff amounted to treason at a public meeting.[1][2][6]

Lecturer

[1] Unlike other Americans, Quakers encouraged women to speak in public.[6] She toured the country on behalf of the Sanitary Commission.[1] Encouraged to speak by Lucretia Mott and Dr. Hannah Longshore,[3] she gave impassioned speeches on abolition, reconstruction, women's rights, and temperance.[1][2] Her success led the way for future women speakers.[7]

She spoke publicly first in 1857 when she addressed a man who derided women at a Progressive Friends meeting. After that, she spoke regularly about temperance and abolition.[2] In 1860, she spoke in Philadelphia at the Friends of Progress meeting at Clarkson Hall about The Rights and Wrongs of Women and then she addressed the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society in the fall of that year.[7] She gave her first major speech, a two-hour discussion of The Rights and Wrongs of Women, on February 27, 1861, in Philadelphia. Lucretia Mott, who delivered abolitionist speeches for decades in Quaker meetinghouses, provided leadership to sell 800 tickets for the Concert Hall event.[6][7] Mott arranged for a lecture tour, sponsored by the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, for the 19-year-old, who quickly became a popular speaker.[6] The series of speeches helped lead the Emancipation movement.[3]

The Boston Music Hall, Winter Street, 1852[9]

Having heard her speak, Garrison arranged for her to speak in 1862 in the Palmer Fraternity Course of lectures at the Boston Music Hall. Named "The Girl Orator" by Garrison, she spoke about The National Crisis.[2] She visited hospitals and camps during the war to speak to the soldiers.[2] In 1862, she visited soldiers wounded in the war, and then gave a lecture about "Hospital Life" in New England.[3]

During the 1863 United States Senate elections,[2] with the deepening of the Civil War, Dickinson campaigned for several pro-Union Republican candidates in New York, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, and Connecticut to audiences that included people who did not support the war. She spoke eloquently and powerfully in support of the Radical Republicans' anti-slavery platform and for the preservation of the Union. She spoke to coal miners in Pennsylvania[6] soon after draft riots in the area and converted men who had not previously supported abolition.[2] Dickinson was named the "Civil War's Joan of Arc" for her promotion of the Union.[3][6] She was ardent in her condemnation of the Copperheads and other Democrats.[3] She was interviewed in 1863 by Whitelaw Reid, who was a supporter and often wrote about her speaking engagements in the New York Tribune.[3]

When she spoke at Cooper Institute in New York City, more than 5,000 people attended the event. It was reported that she "could hold her audience spellbound for as much as two hours. She gave the impression of being under some magical control."[6] She earned a standing ovation in 1864 for an impassioned speech[10] on the floor of the United States House of Representatives. In attendance were President Abraham Lincoln and civic and military leaders. Invited by Republican leaders, she was the first woman to speak to Congress.[6][10][11]

After the Civil War, she remained one of the nation's most celebrated lyceum speakers for nearly a decade.[10] She made as much as $20,000 (equivalent to $475,351 in 2022) a year, making a speech every other day on average,[3][6] and gave most of her earnings away to charity,[2] friends, and relatives. She also maintained a townhouse in Philadelphia, with expensive personal possessions, for her mother and sister.[3]

She spoke about reconstruction,[10] African-Americans' rights,[3] women's right and other issues, like venereal disease in Between Us Be Truth, and polygamy in her speech "Whited Sepulchers" in Utah.[2][6] Although she called for women's rights, she was not a speaker for the suffrage movement.[3] Some of her well-received post-war lectures include For Yourself and Platform and Stage[2] and she frequently spoke about Joan of Arc.[3]

She talks fast, uses no notes what ever, never hesitates for a word, always gets the right word in the right place, and has the most perfect confidence in herself. Indeed, her sentences are remarkably smoothly-woven and felicitous. Her vim, her energy, her determined look, her tremendous earnestness, would compel the respect and the attention of an audience, even if she spoke in Chinese—would convince a third of them, too, even though she used arguments that would not stand analysis.

— Mark Twain in a letter to San Francisco Alta California, April 5, 1867 [12]
L. Schamer, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, lithograph, 1870, taken from a sheet of Representative Women of the period

As audiences preferred to be entertained rather than lectured on serious subjects, and after she campaigned for Horace Greeley, a Democratic presidential candidate in 1872, her career as a lecturer declined. In 1873, she and her manager, James Redpath, disagreed and parted company.[3] By 1875, she was unable to support herself by speaking engagements alone.[10] She gave a speech for Republicans for the 1888 presidential election in many states, during which she called Grover Cleveland the "hangman of Buffalo" and vigorously waved a bloody shirt. Due to the performance, they stopped booking her for speaking engagements. Newspapers questioned her sanity. The Republicans filed a breach of contract suit[3] in 1891 and she was never hired by the party again.[2][6]

Mountaineering

As her popularity as a lecturer waned, she was invited to Colorado by Ralph Meeker. She arrived in Colorado in 1873. Over the course of three weeks she climbed Pikes Peak, Mount Lincoln, Grays Peak, Mount Elbert, often using horses or mules. She joined the Hayden survey for a climb of Longs Peak. Dickinson had hoped the publicity would revive her career. Boulder County News reported the at the time scandalous detail that Dickinson had worn trousers for the ascent.[13] Dickinson was the first white woman on record to summit Colorado's Gray's Peak, Lincoln Peak, and Elbert Peak (on a mule), and she was the second to summit Pike's Peak. She was the third white woman on record to climb Colorado’s Longs Peak, in 1873, and was certainly the first well-known woman to do so.[14]

Author and actress

As another means of support, she began writing.[10] She published the novel What Answer? (1868),[1] that tackled negative viewpoints about interracial marriage. It is considered her most radical work.[6] She argued for technical training for workers, better treatment of prisoners, assistance for the poor, and compulsory education for all children in A Paying Investment, a Plea for Education (1876).[3] Dickinson wrote A Ragged Register of People, Places and Opinions in 1879.[1]

Her plays included The Crown of Thorns (1876), in which she played the role of Anne Boleyn and the play and her acting was unfavorably received in New York.[2][3] She appeared in the title role of Mary Tudor (1878). Her plays included Aurelian (1878) and An American Girl (1880), which was successfully acted by Fanny Davenport.[1] She performed as Hamlet on Broadway,[15] but she did not have critical success as an actress.[6]

Personal life
Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, published in 1901.

She was a friend of Elizabeth Cady Stanton[3] and Quaker lecturers Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony. In her letters, Anthony sometimes addressed Dickinson as "Chickie Dickie".[14] Benjamin F. Butler, a Civil War general and a politician, pursued her romantically. He remained her friend, a legal advisor, and source of money over many years.[3] Unpublished correspondence from a woman named Ida appears to show at least one intimate episode with another woman during her life, referencing Dickinson "tempting [Ida] to kiss her sweet mouth," which historian Lillian Faderman included in her history of lesbian life in America.[16]

In 1870, she was the wage-earner and head of the household of her mother, older sister Susan, and a servant.[17] In 1883, she moved to West Pittston, Pennsylvania, to live with her sister.[2][3] Over the next years, her health began to fail[2] as she aged and due to many years of poverty.[3] On May 12, 1889, her 95-year-old mother Mary died in West Pittston, Pennsylvania. She was said to have been an invalid for years and cared for by her daughters, writer Susan and lecturer Anna.[4][18] Mary's only living son, Rev. John Dickinson, was a professor of Geology at the University of California at the time.[19]

The main building, Berdell mansion, of the Interpines sanitarium, Goshen, New York.

Dickinson began to exhibit signs of paranoia in 1891 and she was committed against her will to a mental hospital,[6] the Danville State Hospital for the Insane, by her sister Susan Dickinson.[15][20] She was transferred to a private hospital in Goshen, New York, under the care of Dr. Seward and with support of her friends, due at least in part to newspapers having reported false information about her care.[21] Dickinson, who was taken to Danville in February 1891, stayed at the Interpines sanitarium and was giving lectures by late August that year.[22] She filed suits against the newspapers who claimed she was insane and the people who had her committed. After protracted legal battles, she won the case of illegal kidnapping and three libel suits in 1898.[6] She lost many supporters and friends due to her antagonistic behavior.[6][15]

Sometime after she was released from Danville, she lived in Goshen, New York, with George and Sallie Ackley, and continued to do so for more than forty years.[3][23] Dickinson and Sallie Ackley were lovers, according to correspondence between Dickinson and Sallie Ackley and interviews with George Ackley and his sisters. George also said she was a heavy drinker.[14]

When Sallie died, she left $7,000 to Dickinson, with the understanding that upon her death, the remainder would be left to George.[14] Dickinson died in 1932[23] of cerebral apoplexy.[3] Since she did not leave a will, the remaining $6,000 inheritance went to her distant cousin, rather than to George.[14] Dickinson is buried at Slate Hill Cemetery in Goshen,[3] near George and Sallie's headstone.[14]

Legacy and honors

References
  1. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
  2. Frances Elizabeth Willard (1893). A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life. Moulton. pp. 241–242.
  3. Edward T. James; Janet Wilson James; Paul S. Boyer; Radcliffe College (1971). "Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth". Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press. pp. 475–476. ISBN 978-0-674-62734-5.
  4. "Sketch of a Noble Woman's Life". Evening Gazette. May 16, 1889. p. 4. Retrieved February 13, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  5. J. Matthew Gallman (April 15, 2006). America's Joan of Arc: The Life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-028976-8.
  6. "Anna Dickinson (1842–1932)". National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  7. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (January 1993). Women Public Speakers in the United States, 1800–1925: A Bio-critical Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-313-27533-3.
  8. "Anna E Dickinson", 1860 census, Bristol, Buck, Pennsylvania, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, p. 7, June 26, 1860
  9. "New Music Hall". Gleason's Pictorial. Boston, Mass. 3. 1852.
  10. Peg A. Lamphier; Rosanne Welch (January 23, 2017). Women in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-61069-603-6.
  11. Lemay, Kate Clarke; Goodier, Susan; Tetrault, Lisa; Jones, Martha (2019). Votes for Women: A Portrait of Persistence. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691191171.
  12. "Anna Elizabeth Dickinson". Mark Twain Quotes. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  13. Robertson, Janet, 1935- (1990). The magnificent mountain women : adventures in the Colorado Rockies. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803238924. OCLC 19847483.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. J. Matthew Gallman (April 15, 2006). America's Joan of Arc: The Life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. Oxford University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0-19-028976-8.
  15. Thomas E. Drake (April 1952). "Embattled Maiden: The Life of Anna Dickinson". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. Vol. 10, no. 2. Penn State University Press. pp. 228–230. JSTOR 27769315.
  16. Lillian Faderman (January 3, 2012). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. Columbia University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-231-53074-3.
  17. "Anna E Dickinson", 1870 census, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, p. 119, June 28, 1870
  18. "Mrs. Mary Dickinson". The Inter Ocean. Chicago. May 14, 1889. p. 3. Retrieved February 13, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  19. "Mrs. Mary E. Dickinson". The Morning News. Wilmington, Delaware. May 15, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved February 12, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  20. Barbara A. White (September 16, 2011). Visits with Lincoln: Abolitionists Meet the President at the White House. Lexington Books. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7391-6416-7.
  21. "Miss Anna Dickinson: Removed from Danville Asylum to private retreat". The Times. Philadelphia. April 5, 1891. p. 7. Retrieved February 13, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  22. "Anna Dickinson". The Evening Leader. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. August 28, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved February 12, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  23. Lisa Tendrich Frank (2008). Women in the American Civil War. ABC-CLIO. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-85109-600-8.

Further reading
  • Adams, Oscar Fay (1904). A Dictionary of American Authors (5th ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. 'Dictionary of American Authors' section which begins on page 1 and in the 'Supplement' which begins on page 441
  • Bowman, John S., ed. (1995). The Cambridge Dictionary of American Biography. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Burke, W.J.; Will D. Howe; Irving Weiss; Anne Weiss (1972). American Authors and Books. 1640 to the present day (3rd ed.). New York: Crown Publishers.
  • Chester, Giraud (1951). Embattled Maiden. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
  • Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000). Encyclopedia of Women's History in America (2nd ed.). New York: Facts on File.
  • Drake, Francis S. (1872). Drake's Dictionary of American Biography. Including men of the time, containing nearly 10,000 notices of persons of both sexes, of native and foreign birth, who have been remarkable, or prominently connected with the arts, sciences, literature, politics, or history, of the American continent. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co.
  • Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C., eds. (1999). American National Biography. 24 volumes. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kirk, John Foster (1891). Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English Literature: A Supplement. Two volumes. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
  • McHenry, Robert, ed. (1980). Liberty's Women. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co.
  • Preston, Wheeler (1940). American Biographies. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
  • Vassar College Autograph file: A-I, 1783–1983 (4 cubic feet), New York State Library, Letters include Anna E. Dickinson on her speaking engagements and personal news, 1863-1888
  • Wallace, W. Stewart (1951). A Dictionary of North American Authors Deceased before 1950. Toronto: Ryerson Press.
  • Warner, Charles Dudley, ed. (1902). Biographical Dictionary and Synopsis of Books Ancient and Modern. Akron, Ohio: Werner Co.
  • Weatherford, Doris (2004). A History of Women in the United States. State-by-state reference. Four volumes. Danbury, CT: Grolier Academic Reference. Use the Index in Volume 4 to locate biographies
  • Whitman, Alden, ed. (1985). American Reformers. New York: H.W. Wilson Co.
  • Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1888–1889). Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Six volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

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