American Bank Note Company Printing Plant

The American Bank Note Company Printing Plant is a repurposed printing plant in the Hunts Point neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. The main structure includes three interconnected buildings. The Lafayette wing, spanning the south side of the block, is the longest and tallest, incorporating what is now the main entrance at the base of an imposing tower. The lower, but more massive, Garrison wing is perpendicular to that. These two were built first, and constitute the bulk of the complex. The Barretto wing is an addition on the west side of the Garrison wing and a small detached North Building is at the rear of the property.

American Bank Note Company Printing Plant
View from Lafayette Avenue
View from Lafayette Avenue
Alternative namesAmerican Banknote Company Building
General information
TypePrinting Plant
LocationHunts Point, the Bronx, New York City
Address1201 Lafayette Avenue, Bronx, NY 10474
United States
Coordinates40°49′01″N 73°53′26″W
Construction started1909
Completed1911
Design and construction
Architecture firmKirby, Petit & Green

The plant was built in 1909-1911 by the American Bank Note Company contemporaneously with their corporate headquarters at 70 Broad Steet, Manhattan. It was used by the company until 1986 after which the property changed hands several times, has undergone a series of renovations, and been designated a New York City landmark. As of 2023, it has been subdivided and rented to multiple tenants.

A wide variety of financial documents, including international currency, were printed at the plant. At one point, over five million documents were produced per day, including half the securities being traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Although the plant printed money for countries around the world, it was best known for producing currencies for countries in Latin America. The plant also housed an active research department which worked to improve materials and processes to deter forgeries.

Previous land use
Photograph of a large house atop a shallow slope. The roof is supported by a row of ionic columns. Many large trees surround the house.
Faile Mansion in 1906, two years prior to being razed to build the printing plant in the same location.

Until the late 19th century, the land where the plant stands was part of the Village of West Farms in Westchester County.[1] The area that is now the Barretto Street block was part of the 85-acre (34 ha) estate of Edward G. Faile, where the Faile Mansion (Woodside) was built in 1832.[2][3][4][5] Faile lived there until his death in 1870, after which the house continued to be occupied by his family. Modern-day Faile Street, three blocks east of the printing plant, preserves its legacy.[6][7]

The area was annexed to New York City in 1874.[1] In 1904, the estate was sold to the Central Realty Bond & Trust Co for about $1,000,000.[8] By 1908, the estate had passed into the hands of a George F. Johnson (possibly the businessman George F. Johnson).[9]

Land acquisition and construction

The American Banknote Company was formed in 1858, when seven large engraving firms merged.[10]: 2  The combined company's first printing plant was at Wall and William Streets in Manhattan, in a building which would later become the United States Customs House and eventually National City Bank. They moved to 142 Broadway in 1867 and to 86 Trinity Place in 1884.[11] By 1908 they had plants at 78-86 Trinity Place, on Sixth Avenue, and several other locations in Manhattan[12] as well as in Boston and Philadelphia.[13]

In 1908, the company built a new building at 70 Broad Street, Manhattan into which they moved their administrative and sales offices. In parallel with this effort, they were also looking for a separate location into which they could move their production facilities; it was felt that housing administration and production in separate locations would increase efficiency.[10]: 2 [14] Seeking to consolidate operations and save money by moving to less expensive land, the company spent three years searching for a new location for the printing plant,[13][15] culminating in the 1908 purchase of the Barretto Street block from George Johnson.[16][12][9] Harry Cook described the plant as "mammoth" and noted that "The choice of its present site in the Hunt's Point section of The Bronx was the result of a thoro (sic) canvas of all the available sections in Greater New York".[17]: 41  One factor in the site selection was proximity to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad; discussions were held with the railroad to ensure they would be able to handle the plant's "considerable freight delivery needs" totalling 10,000 short tons (9,100 t) per year of paper and other supplies.[18]: 3 

The sale closed on November 20, 1908 and was front-page news in the next day's The New York Times. It was expected that the Trinity Place plant would be sold once the new Bronx facility was in operation.[13] The total cost for the project was estimated at $2,000,000, with American Bank Note having a current capitalization of $10,000,000. Wages for employees were estimated to be $40 to $75 per week for "the highest class of skilled labor", and construction plans included housing for the workers. The initial construction was estimated to increase taxable values in the neighborhood by $5 million within the next two or three years.[13] It was anticipated that 2,500 to 3,000 people would be initially employed, with the facility being sized to accommodate growth to 5,000.[9]

American Bank Note engaged Kirby, Petit & Green (who also designed the company's downtown headquarters) for the design.[16] Kirby, Petit & Green designed several printing plants around this time, including San Francisco's Hearst Building in 1908, housing the printing plant for the San Francisco Examiner, and a plant in Garden City, Long Island for the Country Life Press in 1910.[10]: 2  The firm was already at work preparing preliminary plans before the land purchase was completed.[13]

PIctorial drawing of proposed building. Two long wings run along Garrison Ave and Lafayette Ave, on opposite sides of the plant. The Lafayette side has two tall towers. The Garrison side has what appears to be a large entrance in the center. The on-image caption reads "New Buildings to be Erected by American Bank Note Company in the Bronx on Block Bounded by Garrison and Lafayette Avenues, Tiffany and Barretto Streets –Kriby, Petit & Green, Architects"
Kirby, Petit & Green design sketch, published by the New York Times. 1909 (New York)
Perspective drawing of a building, labeled "An Ideal Printing Plant" (Fred S. Hinds, Architect and Engineer, Boston). The front portion of the building is nine bays wide, two bays tall, and four bays deep. The central section has an entranceway surmounted by a three bay tall tower. The rear section of the building is much larger in area, but lower, and has a sawtooth roof. The on-image caption reads, "As described in the text, this establishment is intended for a suburban location and concrete construction. The sketch indicates the large window space, economy of building material and architectural detail appropriate to concrete. While various modifications may be necessary to meet special conditions, the general plan for office front and one-story workrooms is ideal for economical and fireproof construction and efficiency in the conduct of business."
Concept drawing, published by The Cement Age. 1909 (New York)

The New York Times reported on May 23, 1909, that construction was "about ready to begin", describing a structure only somewhat similar to what was actually built. This initial design included a long wing running the length of the Lafayette Avenue frontage, where the engraving and lithographing departments would be housed. Two additional wings, running along the Tiffany and Garrison sides of the property, would enclose a storage building in the V-shaped central area. Each of these wings was an independent structure, with all four buildings interconnected.[9]

The original plan provided for a single entrance to the building complex, about which the Times wrote, "This, of course, is made necessary by the character of much of the company's business; but an entire block of buildings without a rear entrance or a side door is certainly entitled to rank as a structural novelty."[9] In contrast to the Times, the Landmarks Preservation Commission noted in their 2008 report that this single-entrance configuration, "though characteristic of nineteenth-century industrial design, was not particularly adapted to the needs of the American Bank Note Company operation."[10]: 3  A 1909 article published in Printing Art (reprinted in The Cement Age), described a prototype design for "an ideal printing plant".[19] The final design was apparently influenced by this, as the constructed plant more closely resembles this "ideal" design than the original one shown in the New York Times article.[18]: 3  As built, the main entrance is recessed behind four arched openings on the west façade, which also includes a loading dock spanning most of the west side of the building.[18]: 8 

Initial configuration
Exterior view in 1911 from the intersection of Lafayette Avenue & Tiffany Street, looking northeast. The Lafayette wing is in its original configuration, before the fourth story was added.

The initial 1911 construction consisted of only two buildings; the long office wing along Lafayette Avenue, and the large press building at right angles to it.[18]: 4  Several additions were made over the next few years. Typical of printing plants, the buildings have an open floor plan, concrete floors, and high ceilings, to accommodate large presses.[20] The buildings sit on a block bordered by Garrison Avenue, Tiffany Street, Lafayette Avenue, and Barretto Street.[21] The block is roughly pentagonal, with Barretto curving to form two sides.[20] In 1992, the New York Times described the site as having an "unabashedly industrial look"[20] and noted that Architecture & Building Magazine had referred to its "arsenal-like appearance with a pervading sense of strength and security."[20]

The site included 200 presses, a private restaurant, hospital, laundry, machine and carpenter shops, and laboratories where special inks were formulated.[18]: 3  The electrical requirements for the press motors and lighting was exceptional for the day, requiring special provisioning by the New York Edison Company.[11] In 2008, all of the buildings on the Lafayette Avenue block were designated a historic landmark by the New York Landmarks Preservation Foundation.[18]: 4 

Lafayette Avenue elevation, showing southern-exposure window detail and the fourth story added in 1925.
Engravers at work, c. 1912.
The Press Room in the Engraving Department, c. 1912.

The Lafayette wing is a tall but narrow building which originally contained offices and workrooms for plate preparation. This runs the full length of the Lafayette Avenue frontage, almost 465 feet (142 m).[18]: 6  The exterior façade is brick, with a structural framework of steel, allowing for wide unbroken arches filled with glass.[22] Such large windows, unusual for the time, allowed daylight to flood into the building, necessary for visual inspection of detailed and colored printing work.[22] The building also used modern incandescent and arc lighting.[22][11] The Lafayette wing was originally constructed as three stories, three bays deep, with large windows topped by arches on the third story. In the center of the block is a nine story tower, at the base of which is the plant's main entrance. As Lafayette avenue slopes down to the west, the left-most portion of the building exposes several basement levels to the façade.[18]: 6–7 

A three-story printing press building (now known as the Garrison wing) is at right angles to the Lafayette wing; it has larger open spaces, heavier floor slabs, and taller ceilings to accommodate the presses. The lower floors of this building included a vault for storing over 130,000 printing plates. The presses were on the upper floor; the saw-tooth roof incorporated many windows to supply natural illumination for inspecting plates and printed documents.[18]: 4 

The area to the west of the press building, along Tiffany Street and Garrison Avenue, originally had manicured lawns, a curved driveway, and a pedestrian walk flanked by lampposts. The lawns have since been turned into a paved parking lot, and most of the lampposts have been removed.[18]: 9 

Subsequent additions
Maps showing plot layout (near right edge). Left: 1911, original two buildings. Right: 1921, garage added.

Some time after the original construction, a detached garage was built at the corner of Garrison Avenue and Barretto Street. According to a Landmarks Preservation Commission report, this was done in 1910, but this date is questionable since that predates the main plant's completion, and does not appear on a 1911 map. The garage was expanded to twice its original size in 1928, to provide space for ink production.[18]: 4  The garage structure is now known as the North Building.[23]

In 1912, architect H. W. Butts added a single-story addition along the Barretto Street side of the property (what is now known as the Barretto Street wing) to hold a laundry and pulp mill.[18]: 4  There is some uncertainty about this date, as the extension does not appear in a 1921 map. The extension was raised to three stories in 1928, by architect Oscar P. Cadmus. The space was used for additional presses and a machine shop.[18]: 4 [22] In 1925, an additional story, only two bays deep, was added to the top of the Lafayette building, using materials that closely matched the style of the original.[18]: 6–7  In the current configuration, the buildings total 405,000 square feet (37,600 m2) of floor space, occupying a 178,000 square foot (16,500 m2) block.[23]

Non-landmarked buildings

In addition to the buildings on the landmark block, American Bank Note built a number of other buildings in the immediate area. In 1913, an employee welfare and research building was erected on Lafayette Avenue, on the other side of Barretto Street, also designed by H. W. Butts. A distribution center was added in 1925 and a paper storage warehouse in 1949. These additional buildings are mentioned (with their exact location and current disposition unspecified) in the Landmarks Preservation Commission report, but explicitly excluded from the landmark designation.[18]: 5 

Operations
Dutch Guilder printed in this plant.

In 1919, the plant employed 2,000 workers.[3] In the 1960s, the plant was processing over 5 million pieces of paper a day, and printing half of the securities of the New York Stock Exchange.[16] The company employed what were said to be the world's most skilled engravers, who served apprenticeships of ten years or longer. Some came from families which had been in the business for three or four generations. In 1958, the chief engraver was Will Ford, who had been with the company for 46 years.[24]: 304  The company prided itself on having the best-equipped plant and most advanced research program in the industry, as well as employing the finest designers, engineers, and printers to whom it offered an advanced employee welfare program.[10]: 2 

An unusual job title at the company was counterfeiter; the job entailed attempting to produce copies of the company's own products.[20][25] When attempts were successful, better engraving, paper, or inks were incorporated into the products, to increase the difficulty of fraudulently reproducing the documents.[20][24]: 305  The counterfeiting office was in the tower (behind locked doors). One official counterfeiter was Will Ford's father, William F. Ford.[24]: 304 

Production included bank notes, stamps, stock and bond certificates, checks, traveler's checks, letters of credit, lottery tickets, food stamps, and other financial documents.[20][16][26] Although the plant printed money for 115 countries around the world, it was best known for producing currencies for Latin America, including Mexico, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Haiti, and Cuba.[26][27]

Ace of Spades, King of Diamonds, Joker, and reverse design from a deck of playing cards.
American Bank Note Co. playing cards, design No. 502. 1910 (New York)

One of the company's less successful ventures was playing cards, which they produced from 1908 – 1914. The Ace of Spades design included the dates 1795, when Murrary, Draper, Fairham & Co was founded, and 1879, when that firm merged with the National Bank Note Company and the Continental Bank Note Company, corporate ancestors of American Bank Note. Although the company's financial documents were of the finest quality their playing cards were not, lacking an opaque inner layer, thus allowing the face of a card to be read from the back if held in a strong light. The playing card business was sold to the Russell Playing Card Company in 1914.[28] As of 2023 the ABCorp web site lists playing cards as a currently available product.[29]

Bombing

On March 20, 1977, the complex was damaged by a FALN bombing.[30] The explosive device was placed near the Lafayette Avenue entrance. Damage included broken windows as high as the fourth floor.[31] This was one of two FALN attacks that day, the other being to the FBI Manhattan headquarters. A letter from the FALN claiming responsibility stated that the plant was targeted as a symbol of "Yanki repression and exploitation":[32]

The American Bank Note Company for being one of the chief administrator's in the exploitation of the World's Working Class. For printing the stocks and bonds that decide which families will eat and live well and which one's will starve and die. This company is also the printer of the currency of Several Latin American countries, Mexico and Guatemala being two of them. This company has the economic power to control the flow of currency in all Latin American countries. Giving absolute unileteral monetary control to American Corporations.

— FALN Central Command

This was the fifty-first attack attributed to the group in the previous three years.[31] The next day, a second bomb threat against the plant was phoned into the Daily News. This turned out to be a hoax by a local resident who was distraught over personal issues. The man drove up to the plant while the police were sifting through rubble from the previous day's attack, announced that he had a hand grenade, and dropped it. The grenade failed to explode and was found to be a harmless practice device.[33]

Post-Bank Note

By 1984, the plant only had about 500 employees.[18]: 6  In that year, the company's printing facilities were relocated to a new site in Blauvelt, New York.[18]: 6 [20] In 1985, the site was purchased by Walter Cahn and Max Blauner and was repurposed as the Bronx Apparel Center. The purchase and renovation costs totalled $8.3 million. The center occupied 146,000 square feet (13,600 m2) (about 1/3 of the site), housing several tenant companies in the clothing and fabric industry.[34] The Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance also had space in the building during this time.[16][35] Other tenants included a wine cellar, a homeless shelter, a photography studio, and artists' lofts.[22][36][37]

The site was purchased by Taconic Investment Partners in 2007 for $32.5 million, who invested another $37 million on renovations.[38] Taconic sold the site to a partnership of two real estate investment firms, Madison Marquette and Perella Weinberg, for $114 million in 2014.[38] It is now one of the cornerstones of a Hunts Point revitalization.[39][40][2] In his 2014 State of the Borough address, borough president Ruben Diaz Jr. noted that the building housed the Sunshine Business Incubator and was emblematic of the "New Bronx".[41]

Following the initial sale of the site, real estate values remained low in the area. As developers started to move into the area and the site changed hands several times, the value of the property increased and rents began to rise. This caused a number of controversies with community organizations.[36][42] In 2002, Lady Pink organized a group of female graffiti artists to paint a brick wall on the Barretto Street side of the property.[36] The group revisited the site for several years. In 2013, the wall was torn down by the new owners.[36] When Taconic Investments purchased the site, the Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance was forced out due to rising rents. There were also squabbles about being forced to pay penalties to break their lease.[42][43]

Significant tenants

As of 2023 the John V. Lindsay Wildcat Academy Charter School operates one of their two campuses in the complex.[44][45] The school occupies three floors, and includes the school's Culinary Internship program, the student-run JVL Wildcat Café and a hydroponics garden.[46] The space was renovated using a $1 million grant from the Charles Hayden Foundation.[47]

The Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance had their first home in the complex, converting previously vacant space into a 70-seat space for performances and workshops.[35] The Academy hosted the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre dance company, with roots in Latino and LGBTQ cultures.[48][49] An anchor tenant with a long-term low-rent lease, they attracted other artists, who occupied spaces ranging from 600 square foot (56 m2) studios to entire floors.[50] In 2012, they were forced to move out due to rising rents.[51]

In 2010, the Sunshine Bronx Business Incubator began operations in the site, occupying 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2).[52] Small business and startups could rent small amounts of space (as little as just one desk), with access to shared facilities such as meeting rooms, and a reception area. Leases were available on a month-to-month basis.[53][54] The incubator targeted startups in the fields of new media, technology, biomedicine, healthcare and professional services.[53] Sunshine ceased operations in 2017.[55]

The New York City Human Resources Administration signed a 20-year lease in 2013, intending to move into 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2), approximately half of the total available in the complex, in 2015.[36]

Landmark status
Detail of the tower

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission started holding hearings in 1992 to consider designating the site as landmark.[16] Landmark status was approved in 2008. A commemorative plaque installed in the main entrance lobby calls out the "crenellated tower", "massive brick piers", and "saw-tooth skylights" as significant architectural details.[56] Landmarks Commission Chairman Robert B. Tierney was quoted in the official announcement as saying:

The plant is notable not only for its commanding presence in the neighborhood and from other vantage points in the Bronx, but also for the sweep of multistory arcades across the front façade and its nine-story medieval-style tower.[16]

The announcement also cited "monumental arcades", the "Gothic-inspired details", and the "crenellated parapet of the central tower" as significant architectural features.[16] The building design emphasizes security by deliberately limiting access to a single entrance, despite having over 1,500 feet (460 m) of street frontage.[57] The Real Deal describes the building as "one of the most architecturally distinctive office properties in the Bronx".[58] Benika Morokuma, of the Municipal Art Society described the building in her testimony supporting the landmark designation:[59]

The facade of the plant is a clear example of the expressive factory design of the New York City around the turn of the twentieth century [...] The austere and huge horizontal massing of the main part of the printing facility and the Gothic tower, which emphasizes the symmetry of the main façade on Lafayette Avenue, create an arsenal-like appearance and contribute to create sense of security that is closely associated with its line of business.

Transportation

The building is adjacent to the New Haven & Hartford R. R. (now Northeast Corridor) tracks. When the plant was originally built, the railroad constructed a freight spur to serve the property.[12] As of 2023, the Penn Station Access project is expected to provide Metro North service from a new Hunts Point station, which is proposed to be completed by 2027.[60][61]

The site is one block away from Bruckner Boulevard with private parking adjacent to the Garrison wing.[23] The nearest subway stations are Hunts Point Avenue and Longwood Avenue, providing access to Manhattan via the 6 train. The Bx6 bus line runs along Hunts Point Avenue. Bicycle access is via the South Bronx Greenway.[62]

See also

References
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