al-Lat

Al-Lat was mentioned as Alilat by the Greek historian Herodotus in his 5th-century BC work Histories, and she was considered the equivalent of Aphrodite (Aphrodite Urania):[12]

The Assyrians call Aphrodite Mylitta, the Arabians Alilat [Greek spelling: Ἀλιλάτ], and the Persians Mithra.[13]

According to Herodotus, the ancient Arabians believed in only two gods:

Statue of al-Lat-Athena found in the temple of Al-Lat, Palmyra. Palmyra Archaeological Museum

2nd-century AD statue of al-Lat-Minerva from As-Suwayda, Syria. National Museum of Damascus

They believe in no other gods except Dionysus and the Heavenly Aphrodite; and they say that they wear their hair as Dionysus does his, cutting it round the head and shaving the temples. They call Dionysus, Orotalt; and Aphrodite, Alilat.[14]

Al-Lat was widely worshipped in north Arabia, but in South Arabia she was not popular and was not the object of an organized cult, with two amulets (inscribed "Lat" on one, "Latan" on the other) being the only indication that this goddess received worship in the area.[15] However, she seems to have been popular among the Arab tribes bordering Yemen.[15] She was also attested in eastern Arabia; the name Taymallat (a theophoric name invoking the goddess)[16] was attested as the name of a man from Gerrha, a city located in the region.[17]

From Safaitic and Hismaic inscriptions, it is probable that she was worshipped as Lat (lt).[3] In Safaitic inscriptions, al-Lat was invoked for solitude and mercy, as well as to provide well-being, ease and prosperity.[18] Travelers would invoke her for good weather and protection.[18] She was also invoked for vengeance, booty from raids, and infliction of blindness and lameness to anyone who defaces their inscriptions.[18]

The Qedarites, a northern Arabian tribal confederation, seemed to have also worshipped al-Lat, as evidenced by a silver bowl dedicated by a Qedarite king, with the goddess' name inscribed on it.[19]

The Nabataeans and the people of Hatra also worshipped al-Lat, equating her with the Greek goddesses Athena and Tyche and the Roman goddess Minerva.[20] She is frequently called "the Great Goddess" in Greek in multilingual inscriptions.[20] The Nabataeans regarded al-Lat as the mother of the deities, and her family relations vary; sometimes she is regarded as the consort of Dushara and at other times as the mother of Dushara.[3] Nabataean inscriptions call her and al-'Uzza the "brides of Dushara".[21]

Remains of the temple of al-Lat, Palmyra, Syria

A temple was built for al-Lat in Iram of the Pillars, by the tribe of ʿĀd.[22] Al-Lat was referred to as "the goddess who is in Iram" in a Nabataean inscription.[1] She was also referred to as "the goddess who is in Bosra".[1] Perhaps a local Hijazi form of her attested in Hegra alongside Dushara and Manat was "Allat of 'Amnad".[1]

Al-Lat was closely related to al-'Uzza, and in some regions of the Nabataean kingdom, both al-Lat and al-'Uzza were said to be the same goddess.[3] John F. Healey believes that al-Lat and al-'Uzza originated as a single goddess, which parted ways in the pre-Islamic Meccan tradition.[3] Susan Krone suggests that both al-Lat and al-'Uzza were uniquely fused in central Arabia.[23]

Statue of an enthroned Arabian goddess or idol, probably Al-Lat, from Hatra, Iraq. 2nd to 3rd century CE. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

Al-Lat was also venerated in Palmyra, where she was known as the "Lady of the temple".[24] According to an inscription, she was brought into the Arab quarter of the city by a member of the Bene Ma'zin tribe,[25] who were probably an Arab tribe.[26][lower-alpha 1] She had a temple in the city, which Teixidor believed to be the cultic center of Palmyrene Arab tribes.[24] The practice of casting divination arrows, a common divination method in Arabia, was attested in her temple; an honorific inscription mentioning "a basin of silver for [casting] lots (lḥlq)".[28]

By the second-century AD, al-Lat in Palmyra began to be portrayed in the style of Athena, and was referred to as "Athena-Allāt", but this assimilation does not extend beyond her iconography.[29] The Palmyrene emperor Vaballathus, whose name is the Latinized form of the theophoric name Wahballāt ("Gift of al-Lat"), began to use Athenodorus as the Greek form of his name.[30]

In Islamic sources discussing pre-Islamic Arabia, al-Lat is attested as the chief goddess of the Banu Thaqif tribe.[31] She was said to be venerated in Ta'if, where she was called ar-Rabba ("The Lady"),[32][33] and she reportedly had a shrine there which was decorated with ornaments and treasure of gold and onyx.[34] There, the goddess was venerated in the form of a cubic granite rock.[31][9] The area around the shrine was considered sacred; no trees could be felled, no animal could be hunted and no human blood could be shed.[35]

According to al-Kalbi's Book of Idols, her shrine was under the guardianship of the Banū Attāb ibn Mālik of the Banu Thaqif.[16] She was also venerated by other Arab tribes, including the Quraysh, and their children would be named after the goddess, such as Zayd al-Lat and Taym al-Lat.[16]

Al-Lat is also mentioned in pre-Islamic Arab poetry, such as in al-Mutalammis' satire of Amr ibn Hind:[36]

Thou hast banished me for fear of lampoon and satire.
No! By Allat and all the sacred baetyls (ansab)
thou shalt not escape.

Relief of the Arabian goddesses Al-Lat, Manat, and al-Uzza from Hatra, 2nd century AD. Iraq Museum

A poem by the pre-Islamic monotheist Zayd ibn Amr mentions al-Lat, along with al-'Uzza and Hubal:[37]

Am I to worship one lord or a thousand?
If there are as many as you claim,
I renounce al-Lat and al-Uzza, both of them,
as any strong-minded person would.
I will not worship al-Uzza and her two daughters…
I will not worship Hubal, though he was our lord
in the days when I had little sense.

Al-Lat was also called as a daughter of Allah along with the other two chief goddesses al-'Uzza and Manat.[38][39][40][41] According to the Book of Idols, the Quraysh were to chant the following verses as they circumambulated the Kaaba:[42]

By al-Lat and al-'Uzza,
And Manat, the third idol besides.
Verily they are the gharaniq
Whose intercession is to be sought.

The word gharaniq was translated as "most exalted females" by Faris in his English translation of the Book of Idols, but he annotates this term in a footnote as "lit. Numidean cranes".[42]

According to Islamic tradition, the shrine dedicated to al-Lat in Ta'if was demolished on the orders of Muhammad, during the Expedition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, in the same year as the Battle of Tabuk[34] (which occurred in October 630 AD).[43] The destruction of the cult image was a demand by Muhammad before he would allow any reconciliation to take place with the tribes of Ta'if, who were under his siege.[44] According to the Book of Idols, this occurred after the Banu Thaqif converted to Islam, and that her temple was "burnt to the ground".[36]

In the Quran, she is mentioned along with al-‘Uzza and Manat in Quran 53:19–22,[45] which became the subject of the alleged Satanic Verses incident,[46] an occasion on which the Islamic prophet Muhammad had mistaken the words of "satanic suggestion" for divine revelation.[47] Many different versions of the story existed (all traceable to one single narrator Muhammad ibn Ka'b, who was two generations removed from biographer Ibn Ishaq).[46] In its essential form, the story reports that during Muhammad's recitation of Surat An-Najm, when he reached the following verses:

Have you thought of al-Lāt and al-‘Uzzá
and Manāt, the third, the other?

— Quran 53:19–20

Satan tempted him to utter the following line:[46]

These are the exalted gharāniq, whose intercession is hoped for. (In Arabic تلك الغرانيق العلى وإن شفاعتهن لترتجى.)

Following this, the angel Gabriel chastised Muhammad for uttering that line, and the verses were abrogated with a new revelation:[48]

Are yours the males and His the females? That were indeed an unfair division!

— Quran 53:21–22

The majority of Muslim scholars have rejected the historicity of the incident on the basis of the theological doctrine of 'isma (prophetic infallibility i.e., divine protection of Muhammad from mistakes) and their weak isnads (chains of transmission).[47] Due to its defective chain of narration, the tradition of the Satanic Verses never made it into any of the canonical hadith compilations,[49] though reference and exegesis about the Verses appear in early histories, such as al-Tabari's Tārīkh ar-Rusul wal-Mulūk and Ibn Ishaq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh (as reconstructed by Alfred Guillaume).[46]

Various legends about her origins were known in medieval Islamic tradition, including one which linked al-Lat's stone with a man who grinds cereal (al-latt, "the grinder").[50] The stone was used as a base for the man (a Jew) to grind cereal for the pilgrims of Mecca.[51] While most versions of this legend place the man at Ta'if, other versions place him at either Mecca or 'Ukaz.[50] After the man's death, the stone, or the man in the form of a stone, was deified,[51] according to some legends after the Khuza'a drove the Jurhum out of Mecca, while other legends report it was Amr ibn Luhayy who deified the grinder.[50]

Michael Cook noticed the oddity of this story, as it would make al-Lat masculine.[52] Gerald Hawting believes the various legends that link al-Lat with that of al-latt, "the grinder", was an attempt to relate al-Lat with Mecca.[50] He also compared the legends to Isaf and Na'ila, who according to legend were a man and a woman who fornicated inside the Kaaba and were petrified.[51]