Alcoholism in rural Australia

The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) states that 80% of Australians regularly consume alcohol.[1] In Australia, a third of the population live in remote and rural areas, where a proportion of these adults engage in risk-taking behaviours such as excessive alcohol misuse which is significantly higher than in major cities of Australia.[1] In 2010, the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) reported 78% of regional Australia is consuming alcoholic beverages at extremely high-risk levels in which are harmful for life.[1] Unlike in major cities, only 19% of people are drinking alcohol at these life harming levels.[1]

The 2011 Australian Burden of Disease Study noted adults in rural and isolated regions are 1.4 times more probable to surpass the recommended amount of consuming alcohol in Australia, contrasting to adults living in major Australian cities.[2] The study also found that alcohol use in rural Australia significantly contributes to the overall Australian disease burden by 5.1%.[2] This is because alcohol consumption in Australia is correlated with pleasure and celebration, but in remote regions there's a limited variety of venues to socialise at, allowing for residents to engage in excessive drinking.[1] Men and young adults residing in rural communities are particularly liable to consume alcohol at high-risk levels due to them experiencing boredom at a higher rate, leading them to excessively drink.[1]

Indigenous Australians in rural and isolated regions are the most susceptible to consuming disproportionate amounts of alcoholic drinks. As two-thirds of the population in remote Australia are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, these individuals are 1.5 times more likely to consuming alcohol at a risk-taking level.[1] This is as a result of numerous factors such as the “disconnection to culture, traditions and country, social exclusion, discrimination and isolation, trauma, poverty, and lack of adequate access to services”.[3] These factors further contribute to their low socio-economic status, which impacts the ability for young Indigenous people to access quality education. Without an education, young Indigenous Australians have limited opportunities for employment, and therefore are substantially influenced by their low socio-economic families to engage in risk-taking behaviour. However, in 2014 and 2015 the NATSISS discovered a decline by 4% in rural Indigenous people older than 15 years exceeding the guidelines for risky consumption of alcohol since 2008.[3] This decline was primarily due to the fact that people in urban areas were also reducing their large amount of alcohol consumption.[3]

More recently, in 2016 the NDSHS found that 1 in 5 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders drank “11 or more standard drinks at least once a month”, which was 2.8 times the level of consumption for non-Indigenous Australians.[3] These excessive levels of drinking therefore are associated with numerous consequences such as chronic health conditions like coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes, along with increasing levels of violence, assault, suicide and road accidents.[4] These “poorer health outcomes” subsequently lead to higher death rates for Indigenous Australians in rural areas due to their lack of access to quality healthcare and its professionals, and rehabilitation services.[3] Thus, if rural Australian areas had more of these health services for Indigenous Australians, their overall health disadvantage would decrease, as would their rates of astronomical drinking levels and mortality rates.

Binge drinking five or more drinks in one sitting) in rural Australia is a severe problem as a result of the poor health determinants distinctive of these rural areas, including limited healthcare access, economic disadvantage, high unemployment levels and low levels of education.[1] 54% of young and Indigenous people in isolated areas of Australia are acutely high-level binge drinkers.[5] Binge drinking behaviour are “heavily shaped by prevailing cultural norms” such as the “acceptability of binge drinking”.[6] Binge drinking in rural areas of Australia have severe and problematic long-term impacts on individuals who perform these behaviours, not only to themselves but to the entire health outcome of rural Australia. In particular, as children and teenagers’ brains aren't properly developed yet, the immense level of binge drinking performed by these young individuals in rural Australia has a greater long-term impact for themselves both psychologically and physically, further adding to overall health disadvantage in rural communities.[5]

However, in 2016 the AIHW reported that younger adults were drinking less compared to in 2013. 42% of individuals aged between 18 and 24 would binge drink a minimum of 5 alcoholic standard drinks per month, but this statistic was only a 5% decrease since 2013.[2] Overall, despite that young adults in rural areas decreased their levels of binge drinking from 31% in 2010 to 18.5% in 2016, this kind of behaviour remains a prominent and destructive issue in rural Australian society.

The abuse and misconduct of alcohol in rural Australia is a crucial aspect and result of the excessive alcohol consumption in rural and remote communities in Australia. This can accordingly lead to individuals experiencing severe mental health issues or pursuing violence. As rural communities have less access to healthcare and its professionals, and rehabilitation services, depression, anxiety and suicide is much more prominent due to rural dwellers' extreme levels of alcohol consumption.

The National Alliance for Action on Alcohol (NAAA) reported that intentional and non-intentional deaths and injury are considerably greater in remote regions than in major cities, as a consequence of rural Australians abusing alcohol and becoming violent, depressed and/or suicidal.[1] Moreover, in these isolated areas, a third of young people aged between 14 and 24 have been physically abused by people who were highly intoxicated.[1] This severe misuse of alcohol inevitably contributes to the rapidly rising mortality rates in rural Australia, as well as the increased levels of disability amongst rural people who are victims of such abuse.[7]

The Australian Rural Mental Health Study (ARMHS) examines the way in which unnecessary alcohol use can determine someone's psychological symptoms and damage their mental health in rural communities.[8] As evident in the graph, the study demonstrated that at least one individual in each age group consumed alcohol at a life-damaging level.[8] The youngest age group drinks alcohol in the most harmful category, substantially contributing to the high levels of psychological distress that 18-34 year olds experience in rural areas.[8]

Whilst excessive alcohol consumption is evidently a severe problem in rural communities, there are a number of strategies the Australian government has implemented to reduce these poor health behaviours:

Apart from the many preventative strategies that the Australian government has implemented to reduce alcohol misuse in rural Australia, there are also a number of programs that can assist with this reduction. Such interventions include "partial or complete bans on promotion of alcohol, measures to reduce drink driving, and targeted advice in the primary care setting".[1]