Abraham Adelsberger

Abraham Adelsberger (April 23, 1863 in Hockenheim – August 24, 1940 in Amsterdam) was a German toy factory owner, councilor of commerce and art collector.

Toy manufacturer

Adelsberger settled in Nuremberg in 1897 with his wife Clothilde née Reichhold (1872-1954), who came from Fürth. The couple had two children, Paul and Sofie. Adelsberger operated a shop until the 1930s. He created one of the first toy factories in the world, "Heinrich Fischer & Cie".[1] The export-oriented company with about 300 employees mainly manufactured movable toys with flywheel or clockwork drive. In 1909, he was admitted to the Nuremberg Masonic Lodge Albrecht Dürer.

Art collector
"Jupiter and Antiope" by Hendrick Goltzius

His thriving business enabled Adelsberger to build a villa and to collect art, including porcelain and 19th century works as well as valuable paintings by Peter Paul Rubens, Gustav Schönleber, Georg Jakobides, Carl Spitzweg, Paul Weber. The painting "Jupiter and Antiope" by the Dutch painter Hendrick Goltzius was also in his collection.[2]

The Great Depression brought financial difficulties. Adelsberger borrowed 600,000 Reichsmarks as early as 1927/28 putting up real estate and several artworks as collateral.

Nazi persecution

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Adelsbeger and his family were persecuted due to their Jewish heritage.

His son Paul emigrated to America in 1934. His daughter Sofie fled to Amsterdam with her husband, Adelsberger and his wife remained in Nuremberg.

In 1937, Adelsberger had to sell his house and other real estate; his toy factory was Aryanized.[3]

In 1939 they fled to Amsterdam to join their daughter. Adelsberger carried a few works of art with him when he fled, including the painting by Goltzius. In August 1940, Abraham Adelsberger died in Amsterdam. In 1941, Hermann Göring took possession of the painting through a forced sale in order to decorate his country estate Carinhall with it. Adelsberger's wife was deported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1943. She survived the Holocaust and applied for reparations after the Second World War, in which her husband's art collection played only a minor role. She did not get back the painting "Jupiter and Antiope"; it remained in the Netherlands. In 2009, it was returned to Adelsberger's heirs by the Dutch government, and in 2010 it was auctioned off by the Sotheby's auction house for $6.8 million.[4][5]

Restitution of Nazi-looted art

In 2020, the Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen are restituting an oil painting by Joseph Wopfner, Fischerboote bei Frauenchiemsee (fig. 1), to the heirs of Adelsberger's son in law, Alfred Isay (1885-1948).[6][7][8]

In 2019 the German Lost Art Foundation has approved a new research project at Freie Universität Berlin to research Adelsberger's art collection.[9]

Literature
  • Die Geschichte der Adelsbergers. In Frank-Uwe Betz: Verfolgte, Widerständige, Ausgebeutete – über die Nazizeit in der Region Schwetzingen – Hockenheim. HRSG. Arbeitskreis Freundliches Schwetzingen – Verein für regionale Zeitgeschichte e.V. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2015, ISBN 978-3-89735-924-6. Text online hier.
  • Manfred H. Grieb (Hrsg.): Nürnberger Künstlerlexikon: Bildende Künstler, Kunsthandwerker, Gelehrte, Sammler, Kulturschaffende und Mäzene vom 12. bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-5981176-3-3.

References
  1. Vogel, Carol (2009-12-04). "Playing Sculpture 'I Spy' in New York's Cityscape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-04. In the early 20th century, it belonged to Abraham Adelsberger, a Jewish collector who founded one of the first toy factories in the world in Nuremberg, Germany.
  2. "Raubkunst auf der Spur - On the trail of robbery". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  3. "Adelsberger". Restitutiecommissie. Retrieved 2022-02-04. In 1937, he was forced to sell his house, and two other properties and his toy factory were 'aryanised'.
  4. "Adelsberger". Restitutiecommissie. Retrieved 2022-02-04. In 1937, he was forced to sell his house, and two other properties and his toy factory were 'aryanised'.
  5. Vogel, Carol (2009-12-04). "Playing Sculpture 'I Spy' in New York's Cityscape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-04. For years "Jupiter and Antiope" hung in various Dutch museums, including the Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem, where it remained from 1985 until March. That's when it was returned to the Adelsberger heirs as part of a restitution agreement, and they consigned it to Sotheby's.
  6. "The Collection Abraham Adelsberger and the painting. Fischerboote bei Frauenchiemsee by Josef Wopfner. Explanation of the research results and the fundamentals of restitution" (PDF).
  7. "State of Bavaria Restitutes Nazi-looted painting of Austrian Artist". Art Insider. 2021-06-01. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  8. "Bavaria restitutes Nazi-era looted painting from Austrian artist". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  9. "New Provenance Research Project on National Socialist Period". www.fu-berlin.de. 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2022-02-04. Art collection of a Jewish manufacturer being studied at Freie Universität Berlin № 113/2019 from Apr 29, 2019 The German Lost Art Foundation has approved a new research project at Freie Universität Berlin designed to reconstruct the art collection of the toy manufacturer, collector, and patron Abraham Adelsberger (1863–1940). The new project, like the Mosse Art Research Initiative, will be based at Freie Universität and conducted in cooperation with the collector's heirs. Situated in the subdepartment headed by Professor Dr. Klaus Krüger, the research will be directed by Dr. Meike Hoffmann as academic coordinator. The involved researchers aim to identify the art objects of the collector Abraham Adelsberger that changed hands owing to persecution during the National Socialist period. They also hope to clarify the circumstances of loss and recover the original works.
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