Abhinandan Varthaman

Abhinandan Varthaman was born on 21 June 1983 in a Tamil Jain family.[4][5] Varthaman's family is from Thirupanamoor, a village about 19 km (12 miles) from Kanchipuram.[6] His father Simhakutty Varthaman is a retired Indian Air Force (IAF) Air Marshal (OF-8) and his mother is a doctor.[7][8]

Varthaman was educated at Sainik School, Amaravathinagar.[7] He graduated from the National Defence Academy and was commissioned into the combat (fighter) stream of the IAF as a flying officer on 19 June 2004.[9] He was trained at the IAF centres in Bathinda and Halwara, promoted to flight lieutenant on 19 June 2006,[10] and to squadron leader on 8 July 2010.[11] Varthaman was a Su-30 MKI fighter pilot before being assigned to the MiG-21 Bison squadron.[12] He was promoted to wing commander on 19 June 2017[13] and to group captain in November 2021.

Varthaman is married and lives in Chennai. He and his wife have two children.[12][14]

A MiG-21 Bison of the Indian Air Force.

On 27 February 2019, Varthaman was flying a MiG-21 as a part of a sortie that was scrambled to intercept airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan Air Force. He lost communications with the IAF command and inadvertently crossed into Pakistani airspace during a dogfight that ensued, during which his aircraft was struck by a missile. Varthaman ejected and safely descended into the village of Horran in Azad Kashmir, approximately 7 km (4.3 miles) from the Line of Control.[15][16]

Local villagers said Varthaman could be identified as an Indian pilot by the Indian flag on his parachute.[15] Upon landing, Varthaman asked the villagers whether he was in India or Pakistan, to which a boy lied by saying "India".[15] Varthaman reportedly chanted "Bharat Mata ki Jay", to which the locals responded with "Pakistan Zindabad". Then, he began firing warning shots. The villagers captured and manhandled Varthaman before he was rescued by the Pakistan Army.[17][16]

Later that day, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs confirmed an Indian pilot was missing in action after a MiG-21 Bison fighter aircraft was lost while engaging with Pakistani jets.[18][15][19] A statement released by the IAF claimed that before the crash, Varthaman had shot down a PAF Lockheed Martin F-16.[20][21][22] At a media briefing on 2 March 2019, nearly two days after the aerial engagement between PAF and IAF, the IAF displayed the parts of AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles, which could be used only by the PAF's F-16.[23] The IAF also said they had identified the electronic signatures of the aircraft and confirmed that F-16 were used during the skirmish.[23] As claimed by Indian media, according to an agreement between the US and Pakistan, Pakistan is only allowed to use the F-16 against terrorists.[24] However, Foreign Policy magazine quoting an anonymous U.S. official stated that the agreement did not involve any such terms "limiting the use of the F-16s".[25] Scholarly analysis[26] and Pakistan's Inter-Services Public Relations Director General refuted the later claims and said F-16s had not been used in the incident.[27] The US-based Foreign Policy magazine, quoting two anonymous US defence ministry officials, reported in April 2019 that an audit didn't find any Pakistani F-16s missing, and that all jets were accounted for.[28][29] A day later, the US defence ministry stated it was “not aware” of any investigation that was conducted to ascertain if Pakistan had lost an F-16 in a dogfight with Indian fighter jets on February 27.[30][31][32] While the US defence ministry was unaware of the "F-16 count", the US State Department distanced itself from the "F-16 count" news report, saying in response to a direct request to confirm or deny it, “As a matter of policy, the Department does not publicly comment on details of government-to-government agreements on end-use monitoring of US-origin defence articles.” and highlighted that “It is important to note that since January 2018, the United States government has suspended security assistance to Pakistan”.[33]

Wagah border

On 28 February 2019, Imran Khan, the prime minister of Pakistan, announced at a joint sitting of the Parliament of Pakistan, that the government had decided to release Varthaman the next day as a "gesture of peace". If some news sources are to be believed, "India and Pakistan came perilously close to firing missiles at each other on February 27, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi deciding to up the ante after the capture of MiG-21 Bison pilot Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman by Pakistan, and Research and Analysis Wing secretary Anil Dhasmana communicating to his Pakistan counterpart Inter Services Intelligence chief Lt Gen (Later Gen) Asim Munir that there would be an escalation in the Indian offensive if the pilot was harmed."[38][39] Shah Mehmood Qureshi, the Foreign Minister of Pakistan, said his government announced the release of the IAF Wing Commander out of a desire for peace and that there was no compulsion or pressure on Pakistan, as was implied by the Indian media.[40] However, The New York Times reported that several outside countries including United States and China had been urging Pakistan to release the Indian pilot to de-escalate the crisis.[17]

Later in October 2020, an opposition leader, Ayaz Sadiq had claimed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that Varthaman was released after Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi told a meeting of Pakistan's top leaders that India would attack Pakistan if Varthaman weren't released. Ayaz Sadiq faced flak from the Pakistani government and the public for making such statements.[41][42][43]

Varthaman crossed the India–Pakistan border at Wagah on 1 March 2019.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] At a rally, the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcomed Varthaman's release, saying the nation was proud of him.[51] A demeaning video of Varthaman was released by the PAF to the Pakistani media hours before his release. IAF later said it had been filmed while Varthaman was under duress.[52][53][54][55] A medical check-up upon his return located multiple bruises and a fractured rib but no 'significant injuries'.[56] Varthaman said the Pakistani authorities did not physically torture him but subjected him to considerable "mental harassment". Pakistan said he was treated in accordance with the Geneva Conventions.[57]

Akhil Bharatiya Digambar Jain Mahasamiti chairperson Manidra Jain announced Varthaman would be awarded the Bhagwan Mahavir Ahimsa Puraskar on 17 April 2019, the date of Mahavir Jayanti.[58][59] In August that same year, he was presented with the Vir Chakra gallantry award.[47]

After the government's decision to release Varthaman was announced, a petition was filed before the Islamabad High Court (IHC) seeking an injunction to stop the process but the court dismissed it on the same day. The petition argued Varthaman must be released only after the cessation of active hostilities, as per the Geneva Conventions, since the Indian pilot “was arrested when he was on a mission against Pakistan”. The petition was rejected by the Islamabad High Court, citing the consensus of the parliamentarians and that "When all the parliamentarians agree at a point...[a] debate over it is unnecessary". In addition the IHC Chief Justice Minallah also stated that the courts do not have the power to intervene in foreign affairs, according to a Supreme Court verdict in 2014.[60][61]

• 2019 Balakot airstrike