Project 985
Project 985 (Chinese: 985工程; pinyin: 985 Gōngchéng) was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the Chinese central government for creating world-class higher education institutions, initiated in May 1998. There were 39 universities selected to be part of this program. The code name "Project 985" had been a synonym for the first-list universities in China's public opinion.[1][2][3][4]
 Map showing major universities in Mainland China. Project-985 universities are marked in blue. | |
| Formation | 4 May 1998 |
|---|---|
| Defunct | 2016 |
Region | China (39 universities nationwide) |
| History of the People's Republic of China |
|---|
.svg.png.webp) |
| History of |
 China portal |
The Project 985 Universities were considered to be the most elite institutions of Chinese tertiary education, representing the top 1.3% of overall universities and colleges in China (approximately 3,000 higher education institutions).
Both Project 985 and Project 211 were nullified in 2016 and replaced by the Double First Class University Plan in 2017 under the Xi Jinping Administration.[5][6] Nevertheless, the mindset of the ranked categorization of nationwide universities and colleges provided by the two projects continued to heavily influencing the Chinese public.[7][8]
Etymology
Project 985 was a project that was first announced by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4, 1998, to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system by founding world-class universities in the 21st century.[9]
The name derives from the date of the announcement, May 1998, or 98/5 according to the Chinese date format.[10] The project involves both national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad.[11]
History
On May 4, 1998, a project that was first announced by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system by founding world-class universities in the 21st century.[9]
In 2006, another 33 universities were selected from universities that had not been included in Project 985. The 33 selected universities were jointly sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China to support their developments in certain scientific or engineering subjects to meet the urgent need of the state. These 33 universities together were included in a sub-project of Project 985, called the "Project 985 Innovation Platform Program."[9][12]
By the end of the second phase of the project, 39 universities were sponsored. It was announced in 2011 that the project had closed, and no new schools would be able to join.[13]
In 2014, some universities of Project 985 claimed that the project funding had been stopped in 2013.[14]
In October 2015, the State Council of China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First-Class Universities and First-Class Disciplines (Double First Class University Plan) and made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China.[15]
In 2016, the Ministry of Education of China confirmed that Project 985 had been abolished and replaced by the Double First Class University Plan.[16][5]
In September 2017, a related plan started in 2015 called the Double First Class University Plan was formally announced; 140 universities were included in this plan, representing a reshuffle in the rankings of China's most prestigious universities.[17]
In 2019, the Ministry of Education of China reconfirmed that the Project 985 had been repealed and replaced by the Double First-Class University Plan.[18]
List of Project-985 universities
There were 39 universities selected by the Chinese central government.[1]
See also
- Double First Class University Plan, a scheme for improving 147 of China's top universities
- C9 League, a formal group of 9 elite universities in China
- Project 211, a terminated program for developing 110 comprehensive universities in China
- Excellence League, an alliance of leading Chinese universities with strong backgrounds in engineering
- Big Four Institutes of Technology
- Yangtze Delta Universities Alliance
- State Key Laboratories
- Plan 111
- 863 Program
- List of universities in China
- Rankings of universities in China
- Small-town Swot
References
- ""985工程"学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- ""985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别？ —中国教育在线". gaokao.eol.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- "科学网—公众迷恋大学"帽子"本质是期待高质量教育". news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- "我国"985 工程"的运行机制与投入成效分析：基于国际比较与实证研究的视角" (PDF). 北京大学教育经济研究所. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- ""985""211"工程将废除 教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网". news.china.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- "为什么"双一流"政策实施6年了，大家还在提985、211". Netease News. March 2, 2023. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- "期货业招聘门槛提高 985、211院校受青睐". m.news.esnai.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- Ying, Cheng (September 1, 2011). "A Reflection on the Effects of the 985 Project". Chinese Education & Society. 44 (5): 19–30. doi:10.2753/CED1061-1932440502. ISSN 1061-1932. S2CID 144398847.
- "Project 211 and 985". China Education Center Ltd. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- "International Rankings and Chinese Higher Education Reform". World Education News and Reviews. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (2021), Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (eds.), "The Policy Analysis of Creating World-Class Universities in China", Creating World-Class Universities in China : Ideas, Policies, and Efforts, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–33, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6726-8_1, ISBN 978-981-16-6726-8, S2CID 240467383, archived from the original on April 17, 2022
- "Ministry of Education: no new "211" "985" project of the school". Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
- "网传"985""211"废除教育部称将回应此事--时政--人民网". politics.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- "国务院关于印发统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案的通知_政府信息公开专栏". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
- ""985""211"工程将废除 教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网". news.china.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- "China to develop 42 world-class universities". People's Daily. September 21, 2017. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
- "关于985、211名单的咨询 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.