924 Toni

924 Toni (prov. designation: A919 UF or 1919 GC) is a large background asteroid, approximately 80 kilometers (50 miles) in diameter, from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 20 October 1919, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory.[1] The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 19.4 hours. It was named "Toni", a common German female name unrelated to the discoverer's contemporaries, that was taken from the almanac Lahrer Hinkender Bote.[2][3]

924 Toni
Discovery [1]
Discovered byK. Reinmuth
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date20 October 1919
Designations
(924) Toni
Named after
Name picked from the almanac
Lahrer Hinkender Bote [2][3]
A919 UF · 1919 GC
A906 BA · 1906 BA
A914 UD · 1914 UD
main-belt [1][4] · (outer)
background [5][6]
Orbital characteristics [4]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc113.78 yr (41,557 d)
Aphelion3.3879 AU
Perihelion2.4888 AU
2.9383 AU
Eccentricity0.1530
5.04 yr (1,840 d)
355.92°
0° 11m 44.52s / day
Inclination8.9872°
150.19°
219.96°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
  • 71.983±25.283 km[7]
  • 78.33±1.34 km[8]
  • 85.49±2.5 km[9]
19.437±0.001 h[10][lower-alpha 1]
  • 0.0432±0.003[9]
  • 0.052±0.007[7]
  • 0.054±0.002[8]
9.4[1][4]

    Orbit and classification

    Toni is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.[5][6] It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5–3.4 AU once every 5.04 years (1,840 days; semi-major axis of 2.94 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.[4] The asteroid was first observed as A906 BA (1906 BA) at Heidelberg Observatory on 20 January 1906, where the body's observation arc begins two days later on 20 January 1906, more than 13 years prior its official discovery observation.[1]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named "Toni", after a female name picked from the Lahrer Hinkender Bote, published in Lahr, southern Germany.[2] A Hinkender Bote (lit. "limping messenger") was a very popular almanac,[3] especially in the alemannic-speaking region from the late 17th throughout the early 20th century. The calendar section contains feast days, the dates of important fairs and astronomical ephemerides. The German name day analogue is given next to the protestant and catholic entries in the calendar of saints (entry not found).

    Reinmuth's calendar names

    As with 22 other asteroids – starting with 913 Otila, and ending with 1144 Oda – Reinmuth selected names from this calendar due to his many asteroid discoveries that he had trouble thinking of proper names. These names are not related to the discoverer's contemporaries. Lutz Schmadel, the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names learned about Reinmuth's source of inspiration from private communications with Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who worked as a young astronomer at Heidelberg.[2]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, Toni is an X-type asteroid, while in the Tholen classification, it is closest to a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid and somewhat similar to an X-type (CX).[4][6]

    Rotation period

    In July 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Toni was obtained from photometric observations by Frederick Pilcher at the Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico.[lower-alpha 1] Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 19.437±0.001 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.24±0.02 magnitude (U=3).[10] This result supersedes previous observations with tentative period determinations by French amateur astronomers René Roy and Laurent Bernasconi (U=1/1).[12]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), the Japanese Akari satellite, and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Toni measures (71.983±25.283), (78.33±1.34) and (85.49±2.5) kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of (0.052±0.007), (0.054±0.002) and (0.0432±0.003), respectively.[6][7][8][9] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0432 and a diameter of 85.49 km based on an absolute magnitude of 9.37.[13] Further published mean-diameters and albedos by the WISE team include (84.874±26.15 km) and (94.58±0.38 km) and albedos of (0.0460±0.0477) and (0.04±0.01).[6][13]

    Notes
    1. Lightcurve plot of (924) Toni by Frederick Pilcher at the Organ Mesa Observatory (2014) rotation period 19.437±0.001 hours. Quality code of 3. Summary figures at the LCDB and at the Lightcurves-Section of the Astronomical Society of Las Cruces.

    References
    1. "924 Toni (A919 UF)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(924) Toni". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 82. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_925. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    3. "Lahrer hinkender Bote – Kalender 1925". Badischen Landesbibliothek. 1925. p. 1. Retrieved 20 February 2020. Lahrer Bote archive
    4. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 924 Toni (A919 UF)" (2019-10-31 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    5. "Asteroid 924 Toni – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    6. "Asteroid 924 Toni". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    7. Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; Kramer, E. A.; Masiero, J. R.; et al. (June 2016). "NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1.0". NASA Planetary Data System: EAR-A-COMPIL-5-NEOWISEDIAM-V1.0. Bibcode:2016PDSS..247.....M.
    8. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    9. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    10. Pilcher, Frederick (January 2015). "Rotation Period Determinations for 275 Sapientia, 309 Fraternitas, and 924 Toni" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 42 (1): 38–39. Bibcode:2015MPBu...42...38P. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    11. Warner, Brian D. (December 2007). "Initial Results of a Dedicated H-G Project" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 34 (4): 113–119. Bibcode:2007MPBu...34..113W. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    12. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (924) Toni". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    13. "LCDB Data for (924) Toni". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 21 February 2020.
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