741st Missile Squadron

The squadron was first activated at Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico on 1 June 1943 as the 741st Bombardment Squadron, one of the four squadrons of the 455th Bombardment Group.[1][4] The initial cadre for the squadron was drawn from the 302d Bombardment Group. In July, a group cadre was given advanced tactical training by the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics at Orlando Army Air Base and Pinecastle Army Air Field, Florida. After organizing at Alamogordo, the squadron moved to Utah, where the ground echelon was stationed at Kearns Army Air Base, although flying operations were based at Salt Lake City Army Air Base.[5] After completing training at Langley Field, Virginia, the squadron departed the United States for the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in December 1943.[1] The air echelon began staging through Mitchel Field, New York to ferry their Liberators via the southern ferry route.[6] The ground echelon sailed on the USS President Monroe.[7]

455th Bomb Group B-24H Liberator[lower-alpha 3]

The air echelon of the squadron was delayed in Tunisia and was not entirely lodged at the squadron's combat station of San Giovanni Airfield, Italy until 1 February 1944, and the squadron flew its first mission that month. The squadron was engaged primarily in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, attacking targets like airfields, factories, oil refineries, harbors, marshalling yards in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia.[4]

On 2 April 1944, the squadron attacked a ball bearing plant at Steyr, Austria for which it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). The primary target, the Daimler-Pusch aircraft engine factory was obscured by clouds, so the unit attacked the nearby ball bearing plant although attacks by an estimated 75 twin engine fighters continued through the bomb run and heavy, accurate flak was encountered. The squadron was the only one in the 455th Group not to suffer any losses in this operation.[8][lower-alpha 4]

On 26 June 1944, the squadron encountered fighter opposition that was described as the strongest Fifteenth Air Force had encountered to date, and which destroyed several Liberators of the 455th Group, which was leading the 304th Bombardment Wing on the raid. The enemy fighters intensified their attacks on the squadron after they were able to separate the 741st from its fighter escort. One squadron bomber was lost when a Luftwaffe fighter dove head on into it. The Liberator continued on the bomb run and dropped its bombs on the target before crashing into the ground.[lower-alpha 5] Other fighters continued their attacks to within 100 feet of the squadron's planes. The squadron pressed its attack on an oil refinery at Moosbierbaum, Austria, for which it received a second DUC.[4][9]

The squadron provided air support to ground forces in Operation Shingle, the landings at Anzio and the Battle of Monte Cassino in the spring of 1944. It knocked out coastal defenses to clear the way for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in September. As Axis forces were withdrawing from the Balkan peninsula in the fall of 1944, the squadron bombed marshalling yards, troop concentrations and airfields to slow their retreat. It flew air interdiction missions to support Operation Grapeshot, the Spring 1945 offensive in Northern Italy.[4]

The squadron flew its last combat mission on 25 April 1945 against rail yards at Linz, Austria.[10] Following the surrender of German forces in Italy, it flew some supply missions and transported personnel to ports and airfields for shipment back to the United States. Most of the air echelon returned to the United States, ferrying their aircraft in June. Many of the squadron's remaining personnel were transferred to other units in the 304th Bombardment Wing for shipment back to the United States, while the squadron remained in Italy, serving as a replacement depot. The last of the air echelon departed Italy in July and the squadron was inactivated on 9 September 1945.[1][11]

The squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Hensley Field, Texas in June 1947, where its training was supervised by ADC's 4122d AAF Base Unit (later the 2596th Air Force Reserve Training Center). It was nominally a very heavy bomber unit, but the squadron does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped while a reserve unit.[12] In 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[13] President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force.[14] ConAC also reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization system in June 1949. As a result, the squadron was inactivated and its personnel and equipment were absorbed by elements of the 443d Troop Carrier Wing, which was activated simultaneously.[1][15]

The squadron was redesignated the 741st Fighter-Day Squadron and activated at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina in July 1956 as Tactical Air Command planned to organize a second North American F-100 Super Sabre wing there. Some personnel were assigned to the unit, but it never became operational with aircraft. It was inactivated in July 1957 and its few personnel assigned were reassigned to elements of the 354th Fighter-Day Wing.[1][16]

741st Missile Squadron missile sites

The squadron was redesignated the 741st Strategic Missile Squadron and activated on 1 December 1962 as an intercontinental ballistic missile squadron at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota. The squadron was initially equipped with 50 LGM-30B Minuteman Is, and placed its first missile on alert in 1963. The 741st upgraded to the LGM-30G Minuteman III and on 19 August 1970 was the first unit to place a Minuteman III on alert status.[17] It has maintained ICBMs on alert ever since.[1]

The squadron has undergone several changes in assignment that did not affect its mission. In June 1968, the 455th Strategic Missile Wing at Minot was replaced by the 91st Strategic Missile Wing, which moved from Glasgow Air Force Base, Montana to Minot on paper, and the squadron was reassigned to the 91st Wing.[18] In September 1991 Strategic Air Command (SAC) reorganized its combat wings under the combat wing organization, and the 91st Wing's missile squadrons were assigned to the reactivated 91st Operations Group. In 1992, the Air Force reorganized its combat forces. SAC was inactivated and the squadron became an element of Air Combat Command until July 1993, when it became part of Air Force Space Command. Between 1994 and 1996, the wing was reduced to group level. In December 2009, the Air Force's nuclear capable missile units, including the 741st, were transferred to Air Force Global Strike Command.[1][19][20]

Squadron missile sites are designated by flight, using one letter of the alphabet, followed by a number. The first site in each flight is No. 1 and designates the Missile Alert Facility, which consists of an above-ground structure plus an underground launch control center staffed by two officers. The launch facilities are numbered 2 through 11 and are connected to the launch control center by hardened intersite cables, which also interconnect flights. The 741st includes flights F through J.[21]

The 741st became the first unit in Twentieth Air Force to operate the LCC NetLink computer system. This system allows missile combat crew members access to remote monitoring systems (including security and weather monitoring systems), automated maintenance systems, training materials and other items on Minot's local area network while on alert. Prior to NetLink, no external communication systems, aside from telephone, was allowed into the launch control center.[22]

• 455th Bombardment Group, 1 June 1943 – 9 September 1945
• 455th Bombardment Group, 26 June 1947 – 27 June 1949
• 455th Fighter-Day Group, 25 July 1956 – 1 July 1957
• Strategic Air Command, 28 June 1962 (not organized)
• 455th Strategic Missile Wing, 1 December 1962
• 91st Strategic Missile Wing, 25 June 1968
• 91st Operations Group, 1 September 1991
• 91st Missile Group, 1 July 1994
• 91st Operations Group, 1 February 1996 – present[1]

• Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico, 1 June 1943
• Kearns Army Air Base, Utah, 9 September 1943
• Langley Field, Virginia, 5 October – 13 December 1943
• San Giovanni Airfield, Italy, 15 January 1944 – 9 September 1945
• Hensley Field, Texas, 10 January 1947 – 27 June 1949
• Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina, 25 July 1956 – 1 July 1957
• Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, 1 November 1962 – present[1]

• Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
• LGM-30B Minuteman I, 1963–1971
• LGM-30G Minuteman III, 1968–present[1]

Explanatory notes

Citations

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency.

• Asch, Col Alfred; Graff, Col Hugh R.; Ramey, Lt Col Thomas A. (1991). 455th Bomb Group (H): Flight of the Vulgar Vultures. Appleton WI: Graphic Communications Center. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
• Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
• Narducci, Henry M. (1988). Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
• Page, Capt Joseph T. II; Bigley, Capt Mark C.; Angell, MSG Douglas S. (2015). "Launch Control Center NetLink" (PDF). High Frontier: The Journal for Space and Missile Professionals. Air Force Space Command. 2 (3): 66–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Watkins, Robert A. (2009). Insignia and Aircraft Markings of the U.S. Army Air Force in World War II. Vol. IV, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater of Operations. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-3401-6.