1978 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 19th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Strasbourg, France, in 1978 from October 23 to October 29.
| 1978 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships | |
|---|---|
| Location |  Strasbourg, France |
This was the first world championships to make use of video replays. A video control system was installed near each apparatus to help judges in disputable situations.[1] The system had first been used at the 1977 European Championships.
For the first time eight gymnasts were allowed to qualify to each of the apparatus finals, rather than six. This became the standard going forward.
Results
- NB: Team rosters are incomplete.
Kurt Thomas and Marica Frederick's gold medals were the first at world championship level for the American men and women.[2]
Men
Team final
| 1st |  Japan | 579.850 |
| 2nd |  Soviet Union | 578.950 |
| 3rd |  East Germany | 571.750 |
| 4th |  USA | 568.700 |
| 5th |  West Germany | 566.900 |
| 6th |  Hungary | 566.300 |
| 7th | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Romania | 560.850 |
All-around
| Rank | Gymnast |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total | Prelims | AA Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Nikolai Andrianov (URS) | 9.850 | 9.700 | 9.900 | 9.850 | 9.750 | 9.850 | 58.900 | 58.300 | 117.200 |
 |
Eizo Kenmotsu (JPN) | 9.600 | 9.750 | 9.800 | 9.800 | 9.800 | 9.750 | 58.450 | 58.050 | 116.550 |
 |
Alexander Dityatin (URS) | 9.600 | 9.750 | 9.700 | 9.800 | 9.750 | 9.800 | 58.400 | 57.975 | 116.375 |
| 4 | Eberhard Gienger (FRG) | 9.650 | 9.750 | 9.650 | 9.800 | 9.700 | 9.800 | 58.350 | 57.850 | 116.200 |
| 5 | Hiroshi Kajiyama (JPN) | 9.550 | 9.700 | 9.600 | 9.800 | 9.700 | 9.800 | 57.950 | 57.950 | 115.900 |
| 6 | Kurt Thomas (USA) | 9.800 | 9.750 | 9.500 | 9.800 | 9.650 | 9.750 | 58.250 | 57.475 | 115.725 |
| 7 | Shigeru Kasamatsu (JPN) | 9.750 | 8.900 | 9.700 | 9.700 | 9.750 | 9.800 | 57.600 | 58.025 | 115.625 |
| 8 |  Stoyan Deltchev (BUL) | 9.750 | 9.550 | 9.400 | 9.600 | 9.750 | 9.500 | 57.550 | 57.675 | 115.225 |
| 9 | Bart Conner (USA) | 9.600 | 9.800 | 9.550 | 9.700 | 9.650 | 9.400 | 57.700 | 57.500 | 115.200 |
| 10 | Michael Nikolay (GDR) | 9.400 | 9.800 | 9.300 | 9.800 | 9.700 | 9.750 | 57.750 | 57.425 | 115.175 |
| 11 | Aleksandr Tkachyov (URS) | 9.750 | 8.700 | 9.700 | 9.800 | 9.750 | 9.550 | 57.250 | 57.825 | 115.075 |
| 12 | Zoltán Magyar (HUN) | 9.550 | 9.850 | 9.300 | 9.750 | 9.700 | 9.650 | 57.800 | 57.250 | 115.050 |
| 13 | Roland Brückner (GDR) | 9.600 | 9.700 | 9.500 | 9.750 | 9.500 | 9.700 | 57.750 | 57.025 | 114.775 |
| 14 | Ralf Bartel (GDR) | 9.600 | 9.500 | 9.550 | 9.700 | 9.550 | 9.650 | 57.550 | 56.900 | 114.450 |
| 15 | Peter Kovacs (HUN) | 9.650 | 9.500 | 9.550 | 9.750 | 9.400 | 9.700 | 57.550 | 56.650 | 114.200 |
| 16 | Ferenc Donath (HUN) | 9.500 | 9.650 | 9.650 | 9.200 | 8.950 | 9.600 | 56.550 | 57.400 | 113.950 |
| 17 | Willy Moy (FRA) | 9.700 | 8.700 | 9.600 | 9.750 | 9.200 | 9.550 | 57.500 | 56.425 | 113.925 |
| 17 | Volker Rohrwick (FRG) | 9.400 | 9.500 | 9.500 | 9.650 | 9.600 | 9.600 | 57.250 | 56.675 | 113.925 |
| 19 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Robert Bretscher (SUI) | 9.600 | 9.600 | 9.500 | 9.850 | 9.500 | 9.550 | 57.600 | 56.250 | 113.850 |
| 20 | Mike Wilson (USA) | 9.800 | 9.700 | 9.400 | 9.750 | 9.450 | 9.300 | 57.400 | 56.400 | 113.800 |
| 21 | Henri Boerio (FRA) | 9.300 | 9.550 | 9.550 | 9.600 | 9.350 | 9.800 | 57.150 | 56.325 | 113.475 |
| 22 | Michel Boutard (FRA) | 9.550 | 9.700 | 9.550 | 9.300 | 9.500 | 9.650 | 57.250 | 56.075 | 113.325 |
| 23 |  Kurt Szilier (ROM) | 9.350 | 9.550 | 9.400 | 9.700 | 9.350 | 9.550 | 57.250 | 56.075 | 113.325 |
| 24 | Dan Grecu (ROM) | 9.150 | 9.600 | 9.700 | 9.200 | 9.400 | 9.500 | 56.550 | 56.350 | 112.900 |
| 25 | Ion Checiches (ROM) | 9.600 | 9.400 | 9.500 | 9.700 | 9.300 | 9.500 | 57.000 | 55.775 | 112.775 |
| 26 |  Jiri Tabak (TCH) | 9.650 | 9.300 | 9.300 | 9.700 | 9.450 | 9.500 | 56.900 | 55.855 | 112.750 |
| 27 | Edgar Jorek (FRG) | 9.650 | 9.000 | 8.850 | 9.700 | 9.500 | 9.450 | 56.150 | 56.500 | 112.650 |
| 28 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Warren Long (CAN) | 9.450 | 9.300 | 9.300 | 9.750 | 9.000 | 9.500 | 56.300 | 55.825 | 112.125 |
| 29 |  Andrzej Szajna (POL) | 9.600 | 9.400 | 8.950 | 9.800 | 9.500 | 9.650 | 56.900 | 55.100 | 112.000 |
| 30 | Peter Schmid (SUI) | 9.200 | 9.650 | 9.000 | 9.600 | 9.500 | 9.350 | 56.300 | 55.150 | 111.450 |
| 31 | Jan Migdau (TCH) | 9.450 | 9.450 | 9.250 | 9.650 | 9.700 | 9.600 | 56.100 | 55.025 | 111.125 |
| 32 | Philippe Gaille (SUI) | 9.300 | 9.100 | 9.150 | 9.500 | 9.500 | 9.400 | 55.950 | 55.050 | 111.000 |
| 33 |  Fernando Bertrand (ESP) | 9.400 | 9.500 | 9.350 | 9.200 | 9.000 | 9.400 | 55.850 | 55.100 | 110.950 |
| 34 |  Ian Neale (GBR) | 9.400 | 9.150 | 8.550 | 9.600 | 8.700 | 9.500 | 54.900 | 55.700 | 110.600 |
| 35 | Jean Choquette (CAN) | 9.300 | 9.400 | 8.750 | 9.100 | 9.000 | 9.650 | 55.200 | 57.350 | 110.550 |
| 36 | Juan de la Casa (ESP) | 9.300 | 9.250 | 8.800 | 9.600 | 8.900 | 9.300 | 55.200 | 55.325 | 110.525 |
Floor exercise
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kurt Thomas (USA) | 9.900 | 9.750 | 19.650 |
|
Shigeru Kasamatsu (JPN) | 9.850 | 9.725 | 19.575 |
|
Alexander Dityatin (URS) | 9.700 | 9.700 | 19.400 |
| 4 | Nikolai Andrianov (URS) | 9.500 | 9.850 | 19.350 |
| 5 | Stoyan Deltchev (BUL) | 9.500 | 9.700 | 19.200 |
| 6 | Edgar Jorek (FRG) | 9.450 | 9.725 | 19.175 |
| 7 | Roland Brückner (GDR) | 9.100 | 9.750 | 18.850 |
| 8 | Jiří Tabák (TCH) | 8.900 | 9.725 | 18.625 |
Pommel horse
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Zoltán Magyar (HUN) | 9.900 | 9.900 | 19.800 |
|
Eberhard Gienger (FRG) | 9.700 | 9.725 | 19.425 |
|
Stoyan Deltchev (BUL) | 9.700 | 9.700 | 19.400 |
| 4 | Alexander Dityatin (URS) | 9.700 | 9.650 | 19.350 |
| 4 | Ferenc Donáth (HUN) | 9.700 | 9.650 | 19.350 |
| 6 | Michael Nikolay (GDR) | 9.650 | 9.675 | 19.325 |
| 7 | Bart Conner (USA) | 9.650 | 9.650 | 19.300 |
| 8 | Shigeru Kasamatsu (JPN) | 8.950 | 9.800 | 18.750 |
Rings
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nikolai Andrianov (URS) | 9.900 | 9.800 | 19.700 |
|
Alexander Dityatin (URS) | 9.900 | 9.775 | 19.675 |
|
Dănuț Grecu (ROU) | 9.900 | 9.750 | 19.650 |
| 4 | Shigeru Kasamatsu (JPN) | 9.800 | 9.725 | 19.525 |
| 5 | Lutz Mack (GDR) | 9.800 | 9.700 | 19.500 |
| 6 | Eizo Kenmotsu (JPN) | 9.700 | 9.775 | 19.475 |
| 7 | Nicolae Oprescu (ROU) | 9.650 | 9.675 | 19.325 |
| 8 | Ferenc Donáth (HUN) | 9.550 | 9.725 | 19.275 |
Vault
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Junichi Shimizu (JPN) | 9.850 | 9.750 | 19.600 |
|
Nikolai Andrianov (URS) | 9.825 | 9.750 | 19.575 |
|
Ralph Barthel (GDR) | 9.825 | 9.725 | 19.550 |
| 4 | Alexander Dityatin (URS) | 9.800 | 9.675 | 19.525 |
| 5 | Lutz Mack (GDR) | 9.700 | 9.700 | 19.400 |
| 6 | Edgar Jorek (FRG) | 9.675 | 9.700 | 19.375 |
| 7 | Bart Conner (USA) | 9.525 | 9.675 | 19.200 |
| 8 | Eizo Kenmotsu (JPN) | 9.425 | 9.725 | 19.150 |
Parallel bars
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Eizo Kenmotsu (JPN) | 9.900 | 9.700 | 19.600 |
|
Hiroshi Kajiyama (JPN) | 9.750 | 9.825 | 19.575 |
|
Nikolai Andrianov (URS) | 9.800 | 9.775 | 19.575 |
| 4 | Aleksandr Tkachyov (URS) | 9.750 | 9.700 | 19.450 |
| 5 | Bart Conner (USA) | 9.850 | 9.525 | 19.375 |
| 6 | Eberhard Gienger (FRG) | 9.700 | 9.575 | 19.275 |
| 6 | Henri Boerio (FRA) | 9.700 | 9.575 | 19.275 |
| 8 | Michael Nikolay (GDR) | 9.700 | 9.525 | 19.225 |
Horizontal bar
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Shigeru Kasamatsu (JPN) | 9.900 | 9.775 | 19.675 |
|
Eberhard Gienger (FRG) | 9.900 | 9.750 | 19.650 |
|
Stoyan Deltchev (BUL) | 9.900 | 9.700 | 19.600 |
|
Gennady Krysin (URS) | 9.900 | 9.700 | 19.600 |
| 5 | Aleksandr Tkachyov (URS) | 9.800 | 9.700 | 19.500 |
| 6 | Michael Nikolay (GDR) | 9.800 | 9.650 | 19.450 |
| 7 | Reiner Ruckrein (GDR) | 9.650 | 9.575 | 19.225 |
| 8 | Eizo Kenmotsu (JPN) | 9.300 | 9.775 | 19.075 |
Women
Team final
| Rank | Team | |
 |
 |
|
Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | O | C | O | C | O | C | O | |||
|
Soviet Union |
97.250 | 96.900 | 96.700 | 97.350 | 388.250 | ||||
| Elena Mukhina | 9.650 | 9.700 | 9.750 | 9.900 | 9.700 | 9.800 | 9.800 | 9.950 | 78.250 | |
| Natalia Shaposhnikova | 9.700 | 9.800 | 9.700 | 9.750 | 9.800 | 9.900 | 9.900 | 9.400 | 77.950 | |
| Nellie Kim | 9.650 | 9.900 | 9.550 | 9.700 | 9.650 | 9.750 | 9.750 | 9.900 | 77.850 | |
| Maria Filatova | 9.700 | 9.800 | 9.700 | 9.800 | 9.900 | 9.350 | 9.800 | 9.500 | 77.550 | |
| Tatiana Arzhannikova | 9.650 | 9.700 | 9.500 | 9.550 | 9.400 | 9.500 | 9.500 | 9.800 | 76.600 | |
| Svetlana Agapova | 9.550 | 9.600 | 9.600 | 9.100 | 9.400 | 9.300 | 9.650 | 9.700 | 75.900 | |
|
Romania |
95.900 | 96.150 | 96.550 | 95.300 | 383.900 | ||||
| Nadia Comăneci | 9.750 | 9.800 | 9.750 | 9.700 | 9.750 | 9.900 | 9.700 | 9.600 | 77.950 | |
| Emilia Eberle | 9.500 | 9.800 | 9.900 | 9.750 | 9.700 | 9.850 | 9.700 | 9.700 | 77.900 | |
| Teodora Ungureanu | 9.600 | 9.600 | 9.650 | 9.500 | 9.500 | 9.600 | 9.400 | 9.400 | 76.250 | |
| Marilena Neacșu | 9.500 | 9.450 | 9.450 | 9.400 | 9.600 | 9.800 | 9.450 | 9.300 | 75.950 | |
| Marilena Vlădărău | 9.350 | 9.550 | 9.650 | 8.950 | 9.600 | 9.250 | 9.500 | 9.500 | 75.350 | |
| Anca Grigoraș | 9.500 | 9.400 | 9.550 | 9.400 | 9.400 | 9.400 | 9.300 | 9.300 | 75.250 | |
All-around
| Rank | Gymnast | | | | | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Elena Mukhina (URS) | 9.900 | 9.900 | 9.850 | 9.950 | 39.600 | 39.125 | 78.725 |
|
Nellie Kim (URS) | 9.900 | 9.900 | 9.900 | 9.950 | 39.650 | 38.925 | 78.575 |
|
Natalia Shaposhnikova (URS) | 9.850 | 9.850 | 9.400 | 9.800 | 38.900 | 38.975 | 77.875 |
| 4 | Nadia Comăneci (ROU) | 9.900 | 9.250 | 9.800 | 9.800 | 38.750 | 38.975 | 77.725 |
| 5 | Emilia Eberle (ROU) | 9.700 | 9.750 | 9.250 | 9.650 | 38.350 | 38.950 | 77.300 |
| 6 | Věra Černá (TCH) | 9.700 | 9.550 | 9.800 | 9.700 | 38.750 | 38.275 | 77.025 |
| 7 | Steffi Kräker (GDR) | 9.800 | 9.800 | 9.550 | 9.550 | 38.700 | 38.250 | 76.950 |
| 8 | Kathy Johnson (USA) | 9.800 | 9.600 | 9.250 | 9.900 | 38.550 | 38.275 | 76.825 |
| 9 | Rhonda Schwandt (USA) | 9.850 | 9.800 | 9.050 | 9.800 | 38.500 | 38.150 | 76.650 |
| 10 | Zsuzsa Kalmár (HUN) | 9.700 | 9.650 | 9.700 | 9.500 | 38.550 | 38.050 | 76.600 |
| 11 | Silvia Hindorff (GDR) | 9.650 | 9.200 | 9.700 | 9.550 | 38.100 | 38.300 | 76.400 |
| 12 | Éva Óvári (HUN) | 9.400 | 9.650 | 9.650 | 9.500 | 38.020 | 38.175 | 76.375 |
| 13 | Dana Brýdlová (TCH) | 9.550 | 9.750 | 9.650 | 9.450 | 38.400 | 37.925 | 76.325 |
| 14 | Marilena Neacșu (ROU) | 9.500 | 9.600 | 9.550 | 9.650 | 38.300 | 37.974 | 76.275 |
| 15 | Birgit Süß (GDR) | 9.550 | 9.800 | 8.900 | 9.500 | 37.900 | 38.325 | 76.225 |
| 16 | Eva Marečková (TCH) | 9.750 | 9.600 | 9.400 | 9.650 | 38.400 | 37.600 | 76.000 |
| 17 | Karen Kelsall (CAN) | 9.550 | 9.650 | 9.500 | 9.500 | 38.200 | 37.475 | 75.675 |
| 18 | Łucja Matraszek (POL) | 9.500 | 9.600 | 9.450 | 9.350 | 37.900 | 37.700 | 75.600 |
| 19 | Éva Kanyó (HUN) | 9.350 | 9.650 | 9.500 | 9.300 | 37.800 | 37.775 | 75.575 |
| 20 | Marcia Frederick (USA) | 9.700 | 9.900 | 9.000 | 9.700 | 38.300 | 37.200 | 75.500 |
| 21 | Annette Michler (FRG) | 9.550 | 9.650 | 9.450 | 9.350 | 38.000 | 37.375 | 75.375 |
| 22 | Elfi Schlegel (CAN) | 9.600 | 9.250 | 9.350 | 9.600 | 37.800 | 37.475 | 75.275 |
| 23 | Yayoi Kano (JPN) | 9.400 | 9.650 | 8.900 | 9.550 | 37.500 | 37.625 | 75.125 |
| 24 | Sakiko Nozawa (JPN) | 9.450 | 9.650 | 9.350 | 9.500 | 37.950 | 37.100 | 75.050 |
| 24 | Petra Kurbjuweit (FRG) | 9.450 | 9.650 | 9.300 | 9.500 | 37.900 | 37.150 | 75.050 |
| 26 | Annette Toifl (FRG) | 9.550 | 9.650 | 9.450 | 9.250 | 37.900 | 36.975 | 74.875 |
| 27 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Irina Goreva (BUL) | 9.450 | 9.500 | 9.550 | 9.450 | 37.950 | 36.800 | 74.750 |
| 28 | Yoshiko Matsumoto (JPN) | 9.600 | 9.650 | 8.950 | 9.350 | 37.550 | 37.175 | 74.725 |
| 29 | Romi Kessler (SUI) | 9.600 | 9.400 | 9.350 | 9.500 | 37.850 | 36.550 | 74.400 |
| 30 | Diliana Glucheva (BUL) | 9.500 | 9.650 | 8.900 | 9.400 | 37.450 | 36.725 | 74.175 |
| 31 |  Monica Valentini (ITA) | 9.300 | 9.400 | 9.300 | 9.300 | 37.300 | 36.750 | 74.050 |
| 32 | Silvia Topalova (BUL) | 9.400 | 9.700 | 8.400 | 9.450 | 36.950 | 37.050 | 74.000 |
| 33 | Sherry Hawco (CAN) | 9.300 | 9.350 | 9.450 | 9.050 | 37.150 | 36.800 | 73.950 |
| 34 | Małgorzata Sosin (POL) | 9.450 | 9.450 | 8.900 | 9.400 | 37.200 | 36.625 | 73.825 |
| 35 |  Ingrid Bolleboom (NED) | 9.350 | 9.500 | 8.750 | 9.300 | 36.900 | 36.850 | 73.750 |
| 36 | Aurora Morata (ESP) | 9.350 | 9.500 | 8.200 | 9.400 | 36.450 | 36.575 | 73.025 |
Vault
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nellie Kim (URS) | 9.850 | 9.775 | 19.625 |
|
Nadia Comăneci (ROU) | 9.825 | 9.775 | 19.600 |
|
Steffi Kräker (GDR) | 9.800 | 9.750 | 19.550 |
| 4 | Rhonda Schwandt (USA) | 9.850 | 9.675 | 19.525 |
| 5 | Emilia Eberle (ROU) | 9.800 | 9.650 | 19.450 |
| 6 | Natalia Shaposhnikova (URS) | 9.650 | 9.750 | 19.400 |
| 7 | Heike Kunhardt (GDR) | 9.500 | 9.700 | 19.200 |
| 8 | Andrea Horacsek (HUN) | 9.450 | 9.625 | 19.075 |
Uneven bars
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Marcia Frederick (USA) | 9.950 | 9.850 | 19.800 |
|
Elena Mukhina (URS) | 9.900 | 9.825 | 19.725 |
|
Emilia Eberle (ROU) | 9.800 | 9.825 | 19.625 |
| 4 | Maria Filatova (URS) | 9.850 | 9.750 | 19.600 |
| 5 | Nadia Comăneci (ROU) | 9.850 | 9.725 | 19.575 |
| 6 | Steffi Kräker (GDR) | 9.800 | 9.700 | 19.500 |
| 7 | Věra Černá (TCH) | 9.700 | 9.600 | 19.300 |
| 8 | Birgit Süß (FRG) | 9.200 | 9.625 | 18.825 |
Balance beam
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nadia Comăneci (ROU) | 9.800 | 9.825 | 19.625 |
|
Elena Mukhina (URS) | 9.850 | 9.750 | 19.600 |
|
Emilia Eberle (ROU) | 9.800 | 9.775 | 19.575 |
| 4 | Éva Óvári (HUN) | 9.700 | 9.700 | 19.400 |
| 5 | Věra Černá (TCH) | 9.700 | 9.600 | 19.300 |
| 6 | Silvia Hindorff (GDR) | 9.600 | 9.625 | 19.225 |
| 7 | Éva Kanyó (HUN) | 9.250 | 9.650 | 18.900 |
| 8 | Natalia Shaposhnikova (URS) | 9.000 | 9.850 | 18.850 |
Floor exercise
| Rank | Gymnast | Score | Prelim score | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nellie Kim (URS) | 9.950 | 9.825 | 19.775 |
|
Elena Mukhina (URS) | 9.900 | 9.875 | 19.775 |
|
Kathy Johnson (USA) | 9.850 | 9.675 | 19.525 |
|
Emilia Eberle (ROU) | 9.825 | 9.700 | 19.525 |
| 5 | Silvia Hindorff (GDR) | 9.700 | 9.775 | 19.475 |
| 6 | Věra Černá (TCH) | 9.750 | 9.700 | 19.450 |
| 7 | Birgit Süß (GDR) | 9.700 | 9.675 | 19.375 |
| 8 | Nadia Comăneci (ROU) | 9.600 | 9.650 | 19.250 |
Medals
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 7 | 7 | 4 | 18 |
| 2 | Japan (JPN) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 7 |
| 3 | United States (USA) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Romania (ROU) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 5 | Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 7 | East Germany (GDR) | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 8 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (8 entries) | 15 | 14 | 15 | 44 | |
References
- "Within the IFs" (PDF). Olympic Review (132–133): 644. October–November 1978. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
- "Golden dawn for United States as darkness falls on Miss Comaneci". The Times. 30 October 1978. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
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