1886 St. Cloud–Sauk Rapids tornado outbreak

On April 14–15, 1886, a destructive tornado outbreak affected portions of the Midwestern and Southern United States. The outbreak generated at least 18 tornadoes, four of which were violent, including the St. Cloud–Sauk Rapids tornado, an F4 tornado that tore through the cities of St. Cloud, Sauk Rapids, and Rice, Minnesota, on April 14, destroying much of the town of Sauk Rapids and killing 72 people along its path. It is the deadliest tornado on record in Minnesota. Other tornadoes occurred in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Texas on the same day, suggesting the possibility of a large outbreak. In all, the entire outbreak killed at least 87 people and injured at least 324.[1][nb 2][nb 3][nb 4]

1886 St. Cloud–Sauk Rapids tornado outbreak
Black-and-white photograph highlighting wreckage and wooden boards
Destruction in Sauk Rapids, Minnesota, after the F4 tornado of April 14, 1886
TypeTornado outbreak
DurationApril 14–15, 1886
Tornadoes
confirmed		≥ 18 confirmed
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Fatalities≥ 87 fatalities, ≥ 324 injuries
Damage[nb 1]
Areas affectedMidwestern and Southern United States
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

Confirmed tornadoes

The ratings for these tornadoes were done by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis and are not official ratings.

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
 ?  ?  ? 10 4 4 0 18

April 14 event
Confirmed tornadoes – Wednesday, April 14, 1886[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F2 Shubert Richardson NE 21:00–? 5 miles (8.0 km) 100 yards (91 m) 1 death – Tornado injured 10 people and destroyed or damaged three or more homes.[12]
F2 Lake Reno to Lake Mary Pope, Douglas MN 21:00–? 9 miles (14 km) Un­known Tornado destroyed or damaged six barns on five farmsteads. A few homes lost their roofs or tipped onto their sides.[12]
F4 S of Griswold to NNE of Coon Rapids Cass, Audubon, Guthrie, Carroll IA 21:00–? 55 miles (89 km) 400 yards (370 m) 3 deaths – Long-tracked tornado family destroyed or damaged 70 farmhouses, several of which were swept clean of debris, leaving only foundations behind. Hundreds of cattle were killed and a train was thrown off its tracks. Tornado also destroyed 32 structures in Coon Rapids, nine of which were homes. 18 injuries were reported along the path and losses were estimated at $100,000.[12]
F4 SSW of St. Cloud to Sauk Rapids to SSE of Rice Stearns, Benton MN 22:20–? 25 miles (40 km) 800 yards (730 m) 72 deaths – See section on this tornado – 213 people were injured and losses totaled $400,000.[12]
F2 ESE of Oneida Nemaha KS 22:30–? 3 miles (4.8 km) 200 yards (180 m) Tornado injured four children and destroyed several homes.[12]
F2 E of Hubbard to E of Park Rapids Hubbard MN 22:30–? 10 miles (16 km) 200 yards (180 m) Tornado injured seven people, downed hundreds of trees, unroofed a few farmhouses, and destroyed a number of barns. As the tornado crossed Long Lake it tossed water 100 ft (30 m) high.[12]
F4 SW of Little Rock to SW of Buckman Benton, Morrison MN 22:50–? 14 miles (23 km) 200 yards (180 m) 2 deaths – Tornado formed from the same supercell as the St. Cloud–Sauk Rapids F4. Two entire farms were obliterated and seven people were injured. "Tons" of debris from St. Cloud littered the landscape.[13]
F2 E of Story City Story IA 23:00–? 3 miles (4.8 km) 70 yards (64 m) Tornado caused one injury and unroofed or partly destroyed three homes, one of which lost its upper story. Several barns were destroyed as well.[13]
F2 N of Circleville to E of Wetmore Jackson, Nemaha KS 23:30–? 7 miles (11 km) 50 yards (46 m) Tornado injured four people and destroyed four homes, along with stables and barns.[13][14]
F2 NW of Churdan Greene IA 00:00–? Un­known Un­known Tornado destroyed several barns.[13]
F3 Lickskillet to Strahan to Wheeler Grove Fremont, Mills, Montgomery, Pottawattamie IA 00:15–? 45 miles (72 km) 100 yards (91 m) Long-tracked tornado family destroyed at least 15 homes. Tornado began south of Thurman and passed west of Sidney. Near Sidney a school was destroyed and scattered for 2 mi (3.2 km). At Strahan the tornado destroyed a church and a store. Five homes, a church, and several other structures were damaged or destroyed in Wheeler Grove. Five injuries occurred along the path.[13][14]
F4 N of Mound City to Burlington Junction Holt, Nodaway MO 01:30–? 15 miles (24 km) 300 yards (270 m) 6 deaths – Tornado destroyed structures on 15 farmsteads, including four homes that were leveled. 20 injuries were reported.[13]
F3 NW of Bedford to Prescott Taylor, Adams IA 01:45–? 20 miles (32 km) 200 yards (180 m) Tornado injured 15 people and destroyed several homes, leaving only scattered pieces of lumber behind.[13]
F2 Blodgett Scott MO 03:00–? Un­known Un­known 3 deaths – Tornado injured two people and destroyed three farmhouses.[13]
F2 W of Orient to E of Greenfield Adair IA 03:00–? 5 miles (8.0 km) 100 yards (91 m) Tornado injured two people and destroyed three farmhouses.[13]
F3 S of Rhome Wise, Denton TX 03:45–? 15 miles (24 km) 300 yards (270 m) Tornado produced possible F4–F5 damage to five farmsteads, but little information was available with which to assign a rating higher than F3. 13 injuries were reported along the path, and total losses reached $100,000. One death may have occurred.[13]
F3 SW of Terrell Kaufman TX 04:00–? 4 miles (6.4 km) 200 yards (180 m) Farms were obliterated, possibly at F4 intensity, but information was insufficient with which to assign a rating higher than F3.[13]

April 15 event
Confirmed tornadoes – Thursday, April 15, 1886[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F2 Island Ford Rutherford NC 23:00–? 5 miles (8.0 km) Un­known Tornado injured five people and destroyed a few homes.[13]

St. Cloud–Sauk Rapids, Minnesota
St. Cloud–Sauk Rapids, Minnesota
F4 tornado
Black-and-white photograph showing piles of debris and splintered wood
The Sauk Rapids courthouse in ruins
FormedApril 14, 1886
4:20 p.m. CST (UTC−06:00)
Stearns County, Minnesota
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Fatalities72 fatalities, 213 injuries
Damage$400,000 (1886 USD)
$13 million (2023 USD)
Areas affectedCentral Minnesota, United States
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

At 4:20 p.m., a tornado of approximately F4 intensity cut through the heart of Sauk Rapids. It was one of at least four tornadoes that affected the region between 3:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. that day. It had a maximum width of 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km) and covered an area of 14 mi (23 km).[15] As the storm moved across the Mississippi River, it temporarily sucked the river dry.[15] Some of the structures the tornado destroyed included an iron truss bridge spanning the Mississippi River, the post office, the courthouse, a flour mill, a school, and two churches.[15][14] 15 railcars were demolished, and iron rails from the train track were pulled up and mangled.[14] After passing through Sauk Rapids, the tornado moved on to Rice, where it killed 11 people in a wedding party, including the groom, when the home they were occupying was destroyed. In all, 72 people were killed by the twister, including 38 in Sauk Rapids and 20 in St. Cloud. Over 200 more were injured.[16][17][18]

Impact, aftermath, and recovery
St. Paul Daily Globe coverage on April 18, 1886

St. Benedict's Hospital in St. Cloud, which was spared by the tornado, became the center of relief efforts following the destruction. The Benedictine nuns who operated the hospital worked 48 hours straight until aid arrived from the nearby towns of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Over 50 patients were taken to St. Mary's school and convent in St. Joseph, where the teaching sisters served as nurses.[19]

Before the tornado struck, Sauk Rapids was considered one of the most important towns in Minnesota and a center of business for central Minnesota.[20][21] It was a blossoming community located on the Mississippi River. However, the tornado changed the economic structure of the entire area, destroying at least 109 commercial and public buildings in Sauk Rapids alone, including every business on Main Street, and causing over $400,000 ($13,028,000 in 2023) in damages.[21][22] After the tornado, St. Cloud became the dominant business center in the region.

See also

Notes
  1. All losses are in 1886 USD unless otherwise noted.
  2. An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[2]
  3. The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[3][4] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[5] Canada utilized the old scale until April 1, 2013;[6] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[7]
  4. Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[8] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[9] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[10]
  5. All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  6. Prior to 1994, only the average widths of tornado paths were officially listed.[11]

References
  1. Zurek 2002
  2. Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875-2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  3. Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  4. Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  5. Edwards, Roger (5 March 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  6. "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  7. "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  8. Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  9. Edwards, Roger (5 March 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  10. Cook, A. R.; Schaefer, J. T. (August 2008). Written at Norman, Oklahoma. "The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". Monthly Weather Review. Boston: American Meteorological Society. 136 (8): 3135. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.3121C. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2171.1.open access
  11. Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. Boston: American Meteorological Society. 19 (2): 310. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
  12. Grazulis 1993, p. 637.
  13. Grazulis 1993, p. 639.
  14. USASC 1886, p. 101.
  15. Seeley, Mark W. (2006). Minnesota Weather Almanac. Minnesota Historical Society press. ISBN 0-87351-554-4.
  16. E. S. Hill Photographer, St. Cloud, MN 2019
  17. "Minnesota Tornado History and Statistics".
  18. Welter 2013
  19. Dominik, John J. (1986). That You May Find Healing. St. Cloud, Minn: St. Cloud Hospital. p. 8.
  20. "Sauk Rapids History". City of Sauk Rapids. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  21. "Communities In Crisis". Stearns County History Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  22. "April in the Upper Midwest". Intellicast. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
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