10th century in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 10th century.

Medieval and Renaissance literature
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Medieval

By century
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Works
TitleAuthorDescriptionDate
Book of Fixed StarsAbd al-Rahman al-SufiTreatise on astronomy including a star catalogue and star chartsc. 964[1]
The Pillow BookSei Shōnagondiary / journal / memoirec. 990s-1000s Japan
KavijanasrayamMalliya RechanaTelugu poetic prosody bookc. 900-950
PaphnutiusHrotsvitha of GandersheimPlayc. 935-1002
Vikramarjuna VijayaAdikavi PampaKannada version of the epic Mahabharatac. 939?
Al-TasrifAbu al-Qasim al-ZahrawiMedical encyclopediaCompleted in 1000[2]
JosipponJoseph ben GorionHistory of the Jews from the destruction of Babylon to the Siege of Jerusalem940[3]
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of PurityBrethren of PurityPhilosophical-scientific encyclopedia10th century[4]
Aleppo CodexShlomo ben Buya'aaCopy of the Bible920[5]
De Administrando ImperioConstantine VIIPolitical geography of the worldc. 950[6]
Three Treatises on Imperial Military ExpeditionsAssociated with Constantine VIITreatises providing information on military campaigns in Asia MinorBased on material compiled in the early 10th century, current form dates to the late 950s[7]
GeoponicaCompiled under the patronage of Constantine VIIAgricultural manual[8]Compiled in its present form in the 10th century[9]
ÞórsdrápaEilífr Goðrúnarson[10]Skaldic poem with Thor as its protagonist10th century[11]
HákonarmálEyvindr skáldaspillirPoem composed in memory of Haakon I of NorwayAfter 961[12]
"Háleygjatal"Eyvindr skáldaspillirPoem seeking to establish the Hlaðir dynasty as the social equal of the Hárfagri dynasty[13]End of the 10th century[14]
Kitab al-AghaniAbu al-Faraj al-IsfahaniCollection of songs, biographical information, and information relating to the lives and customs of the early Arabs and of the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates[15]10th century[16]
ShahnamehFerdowsiEpic poemBegun c. 977, finished 1010[17]
Benedictional of St. ÆthelwoldGodeman (a scribe) for Æthelwold of WinchesterBenedictional including pontifical benedictions for use at mass at different points of the liturgical yearWritten and illuminated between 963 and 984[18]
Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the WiseLeo VI the WiseHandbook dealing with military formations and weaponsEarly 10th century[19]
Exeter BookGiven to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop LeofricCollection of Old English poetry, including "The Wife's Lament"Copied c. 975[20]
"Deor"Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20]The only surviving Old English poem with a fully developed refrain; possibly of a Norse background[21]Copied c. 975[20]
"The Rhyming Poem"Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20]Poem in couplets utilising rhyme, which was rarely used in Anglo-Saxon literature[22]Copied c. 975[20]
Extensive Records of the Taiping EraCompiled by Li FangCollection of anecdotes and stories977–78[23]
Imperial Readings of the Taiping EraCompiled by Li FangEncyclopedia984[24]
Greek AnthologyOriginally compiled by Meleager, combined by Constantinus Cephalas with works by Philippus of Thessalonica, Diogenianus, Agathias and others; part of a later revision compiled by Maximus PlanudesCollection of Greek epigrams, songs, epitaphs and rhetorical exercisesOriginally compiled in the 1st century BCE, expanded in the 9th century, revised and augmented in the 10th century, expanded again from a manuscript compiled in 1301[25]
Wamyō Ruijushō (倭名類聚抄)Compiled by Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順)Collection of Japanese termsMid-930s[26]
Gosen Wakashū (後撰和歌集)Ordered by Emperor MurakamiImperial waka anthologyc. 951[27]
Yamato Monogatari (大和物語)UnknownUta monogatari (narrative fiction with waka poetry)c. 951-956
History of the Prophets and KingsMuhammad ibn Jarir al-TabariUniversal historyUnfinished at the time of Tabari's death in 956[28]
Praecepta MilitariaAttributed to Nikephoros II PhokasMilitary manual965[29]
Escorial TaktikonEdited by Nikolaos Oikonomides (1972)[30]Precedence listDrawn up between 975 and 979[31]
Bodhi VamsaUpatissa of Upatissa NuwaraProse poem describing the bringing of a branch of the Bodhi tree to Sri Lanka in the 3rd centuryc. 980[32]
Old History of the Five DynastiesXue JuzhengAccount of China's Five Dynasties974[33]
Chronicon SalernitanumAnonymous[34]Annals974[35]
Chronicon ÆthelweardiÆthelweardLatin version of Anglo-Saxon ChronicleAfter 975 and probably before 983[36]
Gesta Berengarii imperatorisAnonymous[37]Epic poemEarly 10th century[38]
Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集)Compiled by a committee of bureaucrats recognised as superior poetsAnthology of Japanese poetryCompiled c. 905[39]
Annales CambriaeDiverse sourcesChronicle believed to cover a period beginning 447c. 970[40]
WalthariusUnknown Frankish monkEpic poem about the Germanic Heroic AgeFirst circulated/published c. 850 to c. 950[41]
Leofric MissalUnknown scribesService bookCore written c. 900, with an addition made c. 980[42]
"Eiríksmál"UnknownPoem composed in memory of Eric BloodaxeProbably 10th century[12]
Khaboris CodexUnknownOldest known copy of the New Testament10th century[43]
SudaUnknown[44]Encyclopedia10th century[45]
Tractatus coislinianusUnknownManuscript containing a statement of a Greek theory of comedy10th century[46]
BeowulfUnknownEpicBelieved to have been written between the 7th and 10th centuries[47]
IshinpōTanba YasunoriEncyclopedia of Chinese medicineIssued in 982[48]
Hudud al-'alamUnknownConcise geography of the worldBegun 982–983[49]
ŌjōyōshūGenshinKanbun Buddhist text985
Karnataka KadambariNagavarma IRomance in champu (mixed prose and verse)Late 10th century
ChhandombudhiNagavarma ITreatise on prosody in Vijayanagara literature in Kannadac. 990
Completes the first draft of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings)Ferdowsia long epic poem, the national epic of Greater Iran999[50]
Tomida feminaAnonymousCharm, the oldest known complete Occitan poem10th century
The Battle of MaldonAnonymousOld English heroic poem (earliest manuscript lost 1731)Between the Battle of Maldon in Spring 991 and 1000?[51]
Passio Sancti EadmundiAbbo of FleuryHagiographic account of the death of Edmund the Martyr10th century

Authors
NameDescriptionDates
Abu Firas al-HamdaniArab poet932–968[52]
Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn AslamAlgebraistc. 850 – c. 930[53]
Ælfric of EynshamAuthor of homilies in Old English, and three works to assist in learning Latin, the Grammar, the Glossary and the Colloquy (probably with Aelfric Bata. Also a Bible translatorc. 955 – c. 1010[54]
ÆthelweardAnglo-Saxon historianBefore 973 – c. 998[55]
Akazome Emon (赤染衛門)Japanese waka poetfl. 976–1041[56]
Abu al-Hassan al-AmiriPhilosopher born in modern IranDied 992[57]
Al-MaʿarriArab poet born near Aleppo, Syria973–1057[58]
Al-MasudiArab historian and geographerc. 896 – 956[59]
Al-MutanabbiArabic poet915–965[60]
Ibn al-NadimAuthor of the Fehrest, an encyclopediac. 932 – c. 990[61]
Al-NatiliArabic-language author in the medical fieldfl. c. 985–90[62]
AlchabitiusAuthor of Al-madkhal ilā sināʿat Aḥkām al-nujūm, a treatise on astrology; from Iraqfl. c. 950[63]
Aldred the ScribeAuthor of the glosses in the Lindisfarne Gospels10th century[64]
AlhazenMathematician, died in Cairo965|c. 965 – c. 1040[65]
AsserWelsh biographer and bishop, died in Sherbornedied 1909[66]
Bal'amiVizier to the Samanids and translator of the Ṭabarī into PersianDied c. 992–7[67]
Abu-Shakur BalkhiPersian writer915–960s[68]
Abu Zayd al-BalkhiPersian Muslim polymath849–934[69]
Rabia BalkhiArabic- and Persian-language poetDied 940[70]
Bard BoinneDescribed in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland"Died 932[71]
Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-BattānīArab astronomerc. 850 – c. 929[72]
David ben Abraham al-FasiKaraite lexicographer from Fes10th century[73]
Abū Rayḥān al-BīrūnīScholar and polymath of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids973 – after 1050[74]
Abū al-Wafā' BūzjānīMathematician and astronomer; author of Kitāb fī mā yaḥtaj ilayh al-kuttāb wa’l-ʿummāl min ʾilm al-ḥisāb, an arithmetic textbook; of Persian descent940 – 997 or 998[75]
Cináed ua hArtacáinIrish poet and author of dinsenchas poemsDied 974[76]
Constantine VIIByzantine emperor and author of De Administrando Imperio and De Ceremoniis905–959[77]
Abu-Mansur DaqiqiPoet, probably born in ṬūsAfter 932 – c. 976[78]
Shabbethai DonnoloItalian physician and writer on medicine and astrology913 – after 982[79]
Egill SkallagrímssonViking skald and adventurerc. 910 – c. 990[80]
Eilífr GoðrúnarsonIcelandic skaldc. 1000[81]
Einarr HelgasonSkald for Norwegian ruler Haakon Sigurdssonfl. late 10th century[82]
Patriarch Eutychius of AlexandriaAuthor of a history of the world and treatises on medicine and theology876–940[83]
Eysteinn ValdasonIcelandic skaldc. 1000[84]
Eyvindr skáldaspillirIcelandic skaldDied c. 990[85]
Al-FarabiMuslim philosopherc. 878 – c. 950[86]
Abu al-Faraj al-IsfahaniLiterary scholar and author of an encyclopedic work on Arabic music897–967[15]
FerdowsiPersian poet and author of the Shahnameh, the Persian national epicc. 935 – c. 1020–26[87]
FlodoardFrench historian and chronicler894–966[88]
FrithegodBritish poet, author of Breviloquium vitae Wilfridi, a version of Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi written in hexametersfl. c. 950 – c. 958[89]
Fujiwara no Asatada (藤原 公任)One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortalsc. 910 – c. 966[90]
Fujiwara no Kintō (藤原 公任)Japanese poet and critic responsible for the initial gathering of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals966–1041[91]
Fujiwara no Takamitsu (藤原 高光)Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry ImmortalsDied 994[90]
Fujiwara no Tametoki (藤原 為時)Japanese waka and kanshi poet and father of Murasaki Shikibu[92]Late 10th – early 11th century[93]
Fujiwara no Toshiyuki (藤原 敏行)Japanese poetDied c. 901[94]
Kushyar GilaniIranian astronomerfl. second half of the 10th/early 11th century[95]
Guthormr sindriNorwegian skald10th century[96]
Nathan ben Isaac ha-BabliBabylonian historian10th century[97]
Hallfreðr vandræðaskáldIcelandic skald[98]Died c. 1007[99]
Badi' al-Zaman al-HamadaniArabic belle-lettrist and inventor of the maqāma genre968–1008[100]
Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-HamdānīArabian geographerDied 945[101]
Hovhannes DraskhanakerttsiArmenian man of lettersc. 840 – c. 930[102]
HrotsvithaGerman dramatist and poetc. 935 – c. 1002[103]
Ibn al-FaqihPersian historian and geographerDied 903[104]
Ibn al-JazzarPhysicianDied 970/980[105]
Ibn al-QūṭiyyaHistorian of Muslim Spain, born in Seville and of Visigothic descent[106]Died 977[107]
Ibn DuraidArabian poet837–934[108]
Ibn HawqalAuthor of Kitāb al-masālik wa'l-mamālik, a book on geography; born in NisibisSecond half of the 10th century – after 988[109]
Ibn JuljulAuthor of Tabaqāt al atibbāʾ wa’l-hukamả, a summary of the history of medicine944 – c. 994[110]
Ibn KhordadbehAuthor on subjects including history, genealogy, geography, music, and wines and cookery; of Persian descentc. 820 – c. 912[111]
Ioane-ZosimeGeorgian religious writer, hymnographer and translator10th century[112]
Lady Ise (伊勢)Japanese waka poet,[113] mother of Nakatsukasa[114]c. 877 – c. 940[113]
Isaac Israeli ben SolomonPhysician and philosopher, born in Egypt832–932[115]
Israel the GrammarianEuropean scholar, poet and bishopc. 895–c. 965[116]
Izumi Shikibu (和泉式部)Japanese waka poetBorn c. 976[117]
Abraham ben JacobSpanish Jewish geographerfl. second half of the 10th century[118]
JayadevaIndian mathematicianLived before 1073[119]
Al-KarajiMathematician, lived in Baghdad953 – c. 1029[120]
Abū Ja'far al-KhāzinAstronomer and number theorist from Khurasanc. 900 – c. 971[121]
Abu-Mahmud KhojandiAstronomer and mathematician born in Khujandc. 945 – 1000[122]
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-KhwarizmiAuthor of Mafātih al-'ulũm (Keys of the Sciences)fl. c. 975[123]
Ki no TokibumiJapanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamberfl. c. 950[124]
Ki no Tomonori (紀 時文)Japanese waka poet and one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashūc. 850 – c. 904[125]
Ki no Tsurayuki (紀 貫之)Japanese waka poet, critic and diarist; one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashūc. 872 – c. 945[126]
Kishi Joō (徽子女王)Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals929–985[127]
Kiyohara no Motosuke (清原 元輔)Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, and father of Sei Shōnagon[128]908–990[124][128]
Leo the DeaconByzantine historianBorn c. 950[129]
Liutprand of CremonaItalian historian and authorc. 922 – 972[130]
Luo Yin (羅隱)Japanese poet833–909[131]
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-MajusiAuthor of Kāmil al-Ṣinā’ah al-Tibbiyyah, a compendium; born near ShirazFirst quarter of the 10th century – 994[132]
Abu Nasr MansurAstronomer, born in Gīlānc. 950 – c. 1036[133]
Mansur Al-HallajArabic-speaking mystic and author of the Ṭawāsin, a collection of 11 reflective essays; born near Beyza857–922[134]
Ebn MeskavayhPersian writer on topics including history, theology, philosophy and medicineDied 1030[135]
Symeon the MetaphrastPrincipal compiler of the legends of saints in the Menologia of the Greek Orthodox ChurchSecond half of the 10th century[136]
Mibu no TadamineJapanese waka poet[137] and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortalsfl. 898–920[90]
Michitsuna no Haha ( 藤原道綱母)Author of Kagerō nikki (The Gossamer Years)Died 995[138]
Minamoto no Kintada (源 公忠)Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals889–948[90]
Minamoto no Muneyuki (源 宗于)Japanese poet[139]Died 939[140]
Minamoto no Saneakira (源 信明)Japanese poet916–970[141]
Minamoto no Shigeyuki (源 重之)Japanese poetDied c. 1000[142]
Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順)Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals[90]911–983[90][124]
Vācaspati MiśraIndian polymath900–980[143]
Muhammad bin Hani al Andalusi al AzdiPoet born in Seville[144]Died 973[145]
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-TabariWriter on theology, literature and history, born in Tabriz839–923[146]
Al-MuqaddasiArabian traveller and author of a Description of the Lands of Islam, an Arabic geography[147]c. 946–7 – 1000[148]
Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazzWriter and, for one day, caliph of the Abbasid dynastyDied 908[149]
Nagavarma IAuthor of the Chandōmbudhi, the first treatise on Kannada metricsLate 10th century[150]
Nakatsukasa (中務)One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, daughter of Lady Isec. 912 – after 989[114]
Al-NayriziAstronomer and meteorologist probably from Neyrizc. 865 – c. 922[151]
Jacob ben NissimPhilosopher, lived in Kairouan10th century[152]
Nōin (能因)Japanese poet988–1050?[153]
Notker LabeoGerman theologian, philologist, mathematician, astronomer, connoisseur of music, and poetc. 950 – 1022[154]
Odo of ClunyAuthor of a biography of Gerald of Aurillac, a series of moral essays, some sermons, an epic poem and 12 choral antiphons878/9–942[155]
Óengus mac ÓengusaDescribed in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland"Died 930[156]
Ōnakatomi no Yorimoto (大中臣 頼基)Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry ImmortalsDied 958[90]
Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu (大中臣 能宣)Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber922–991[124]
Ono no Komachi (小野 小町)Japanese poet834–900[157]
Ōshikōchi no Mitsune (凡河内 躬恒)Japanese waka poetfl. 898–922[158]
Adikavi PampaKannada-language poet902–945[159]
Abū Sahl al-QūhīAstronomer and mathematician from Tabaristanc. 940 – c. 1000[160]
Qusta ibn LuqaScholar of Greek Christian origin whose work included astronomy, mathematics, medicine and philosophyProbably c. 820 – probably c. 912–913[161]
RatheriusAuthor of works including a criticism of the social classes of his time and two defences of his right to the Diocese of Liègec. 887 – 974[162]
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-RaziPhysician, scientist, philosopher and author of alchemy and logic; born in Rey, Iran865–925[163]
Regino of PrümChronicler and author of works on ecclesiastical discipline and liturgical singing, born in AltripDied 915[164]
RicherusChronicler from ReimsDied after 998[165]
Ahmad ibn RustahPersian author of a geographical compendiumDied after 903[166]
Al-SaghaniMathematician and astronomer who flourished in TurkmenistanDied 990[167]
Ibn SahlGeometerfl. late 10th century[168]
Sakanoue no MochikiJapanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamberfl. c. 950[124]
Sei Shōnagon (清少納言)Japanese diarist and poetc. 966 – c. 1025[169]
Abu Sulayman SijistaniPhilosopher from Sijistanc. 932 – c. 1000[170]
Abu Yaqub al-SijistaniIslamic philosopherfl. 971[171]
SijziGeometer, astrologer and astronomer, born in Sijistanc. 945 – c. 1020[172]
Ibrahim ibn SinanGeometer from Baghdad908–946[173]
Farrukhi SistaniCourt poet of Mahmud of Ghazni10th–11th centuries[174]
Somadeva SuriSouth Indian Jain monk and author of the Upāsakādyayana, a central text of Digambara śrāvakācāra literature10th century[175]
Sosei (素性)One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals859–923[90]
Abd al-Rahman al-SufiAstronomer in Iran903–986[176]
Sugawara no Michizane (菅原 道真/菅原 道眞)Japanese statesman, historian and poet845–903[177]
Symeon the Studite"Spiritual father" of Symeon the New Theologian[178] and author of the "Ascetical Discourse", a narrative intended for monks[179]917 or 924[180] – c. 986–7[181]
Ukhtanes of SebastiaChronicler of the history of Armeniac. 935 – 1000[182]
Abu'l-Hasan al-UqlidisiMathematician, possibly from Damascusc. 920 – c. 980[183]
VaṭeśvaraIndian mathematicianBorn 802 or 880[184]
Wang Yucheng (王禹偁)Chinese Song dynasty poet and official954–1001
Widukind of CorveySaxon historianDied c. 1004[185]
Xue Juzheng (薛居正)Author of the Old History of the Five Dynasties, an account of China's Five Dynasties912–981[33]
Ibn YunusEgyptian astronomer and astrologer950–1009[186]
Ahmad ibn YusufEgyptian mathematicianfl. c. 900–905, died 912/913[187]
Abu al-Qasim al-ZahrawiPhysician and author of Al-Tasrif, from Al-Andalus936–1013[188]

See also

Notes
  1. Hafez, Ihsan; Stephenson, F. Richard; Orchiston, Wayne (31 August 2011). "'Abdul-Rahmān al-Şūfī and his Book of the Fixed Stars: A Journey of Re-discovery". In Orchiston, Wayne; Nakamura, Tsuko; Strom, Richard G. (eds.). Highlighting the History of Astronomy in the Asia-Pacific Region: Proceedings of the ICOA-6 Conference. New York: Springer. p. 121. ISBN 978-1441981608. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  2. Crowe, Felicity; Goddard, Jolyon; Holingum, Ben; MacEachern, Sally; Russell, Henry, eds. (1 September 2010). "Abu al-Qasim, Khalaf az-Zahrawi (936–1013)". Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 81. ISBN 978-0761479291. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  3. "Joseph ben Gorion (Josephus Gorionides; referred to also as Yosippon and Pseudo-Josephus)". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  4. Zonta, Mauro (29 September 2005). "Microcosm/macrocosm". In Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven J.; Wallis, Faith (eds.). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415969301. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  5. Pfeffer, Anshel (6 November 2007). "Fragment of ancient parchment from Bible given to Jerusalem scholars". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  6. Waugh, Daniel C. "Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio". University of Washington. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  7. Sullivan, Denis F. (15 February 2009). "Byzantine military manuals: prescriptions, practice and pedagogy". In Stephenson, Paul (ed.). The Byzantine World. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0415440103. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  8. Kelhoffer, James A. (2005). The Diet of John the Baptist: "Locusts and Wild Honey" in Synoptic and Patristic Interpretation. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 105. ISBN 3161484606. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  9. Sharples, R. W. (1995). Theophrastus of Eresus: Sources for His Life, Writings, Thought and Influence. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 9004101748. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  10. McKinnell, John (2009). "The Fantasy Giantess: Brana in Hálfdanar saga Brönufǫstra". In Ney, Agneta; Jakobsson, Ármann; Lassen, Annette (eds.). Fornaldarsagaerne: Myter og virkelighed. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-8763525794. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  11. Abram, Christopher (5 May 2011). Myths of the Pagan North: The Gods of the Norsemen. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN 978-1847252470. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  12. Thorvaldsen, Bernt Øyvind (1 December 2006). "The generic aspect of the Eddic style". In Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina (eds.). Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes & Interactions. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. p. 277. ISBN 918911681X. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  13. Steinsland, Gro (21 April 2011). "Origin Myths and Rulership. From the Viking Age Ruler to the Ruler of Medieval Historiography: Continuity, Transformations and Innovations". In Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekdal, Jan Erik; Beuermann, Ian (eds.). Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 978-9004205062. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  14. Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar (21 April 2011). "Kings, Earls and Chieftains. Rulers in Norway, Orkney and Iceland c. 900–1300". In Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekdal, Jan Erik; Beuermann, Ian (eds.). Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 978-9004205062. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  15. "Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  16. Kilpatrick, Hilary (25 April 1996). "Modernity in a Classical Arabic Adab Work, the Kitab Al-aghāni". In Smart, J. R. (ed.). Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature. London: Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 0700704116. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  17. Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1999). "Ferdowsi, Abu'l-Qāsem i. Life". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX. pp. 514–523. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  18. "Full description". British Library. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  19. "Tactics". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  20. Luebering, J. E., ed. (15 August 2010). English Literature from the Old English Period Through the Renaissance. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. pp. 46–7. ISBN 978-1615302307. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  21. Klinck, Anne L. (10 July 2001). The Old English Elegies: A Critical Edition and Genre Study. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0773522417. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  22. Saintsbury, George (1 January 2005). A Short History of English Literature. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 24. ISBN 8126904453. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  23. Ng, Zhiru (2007). The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva: Dizang in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0824830458. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
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References
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