-eaux

‑eaux is the standard French language plural form of nouns ending in ‑eau, e.g. eau → eaux, château → châteaux, gâteau → gâteaux.

Louisiana Creole restaurant food truck in California using the "geaux" spelling as a partial replacement of "to go."

In the United States, it often occurs as the ending of Cajun surnames, as well as a replacement for the long "O" (/oʊ/) sound in some English words as a marker of Cajun, or more broadly Louisiana, identity.[1]

American surnames

‑eaux, pronounced with a long "O" sound (/oʊ/), is a common ending in the United States for historically Cajun surnames, such as Arceneaux, Boudreaux, Breaux, Robicheaux, and Thibodeaux. The same surnames in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada are generally spelled without a terminal x.[2] However, several common Cajun surnames, especially ones that start with a "C", retain the ‑eau ending, for example, Cousineau.

Although there is debate about the exact emergence of the ‑eaux spelling in the United States, it has been claimed that the spelling originated from immigrants who did not speak or read English having to make an X mark at the end of their printed name in order to sign a legal document. Because many Cajun surnames of French origin already ended in "‑eau," the names' endings eventually became standardized as "‑eaux."[3]

This claim has been disputed by the historian Carl Brasseaux, who insists that the "‑eaux" ending was one of many possible ways to standardize Cajun surnames ending in an /oʊ/ sound. Brasseaux credits St. Martin Parish Judge Pierre Paul Briant for standardizing the "‑eaux" spelling of these names during his oversight of the 1820 U.S. Census.[3] In addition, the counts of Pontchartrain and Maurepas spelled their surname 'Phélypeaux', among others, indicating a precedence for the "x" spelling in at least some parts of France.[4]

English-language use in Louisiana

A Louisiana campaign rally sign encouraging people to "go vote."

The use of ‑eaux as a replacement for /oʊ/ in English-language contexts can be considered a salient feature of English usage in Louisiana.[5] It is used in Louisiana as a marker of Cajun (or more broadly Louisiana) heritage, particularly at collegiate and professional sporting events, typified as "Geaux Tigers", "Geaux Cajuns", or "Geaux Saints" being pronounced as "Go Tigers", "Go Cajuns", and "Go Saints". Louisiana State University trademarked the phrase "Geaux Tigers" in 2005,[6] and University of Louisiana at Lafayette similarly trademarked "Geaux Cajuns" in 2014.[7]

However, in the French language, a letter "e" or "i" that immediately follows a "g" will cause the "g" to become soft. Therefore the pronunciation of "geaux" is actually [ʒɔ], and not /ɡoʊ/. Preserving the hard g-sound would either require removing the "e" (resulting in gaux) or inserting a silent "u" after "g" (gueaux).[1]

References
  1. Dajko, Nathalie (2018). "The Continuing Symbolic Importance of French in Louisiana". Language Variety in the New South: Contemporary Perspectives on Change and Variation. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-1-4696-3881-2. OCLC 1029104648.
  2. Boudreau, Jacinthe. "Boudreau One-Name Study". Guild of One-Name Studies. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  3. Segura, Chris (August 5, 1999). "Speaker takes mystery out of Cajun x-factor Cajun surnames". American Press. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. Rule, John C. (1965). "Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain et Maurepas: Reflections on His Life and His Papers". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 6 (4): 365–377. ISSN 0024-6816. JSTOR 4230863.
  5. Kang, Sang-Gu (December 31, 2021). "Symbolic Use of Language as a Means to Demonstrate Accommodation". Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics. 25 (2): 45–58. doi:10.25256/PAAL.25.2.3. S2CID 245777184.
  6. Branch, Chris (November 1, 2011). "Postcard From L.S.U.: Geaux? Just Go With It". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  7. "'Geaux Cajuns' earns federal trademark registration". The Daily Advertiser. Lafayette, Louisiana. May 29, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
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