Sample Texts Analyzed

Article One of the Declaration of Human Rights

Article One of the Declaration of Human Rights is often used to show how various invented international auxiliary languages compare with one another in written form. Here is the Mirad version of Article One, followed by the English version:

MIRAD: Hyaa₁ tobi₂ taje₃ yiva₄ ay₅ gea₆ be₇ utfiz₈ ay₅ doyivi₉. Yit₁₀ bulwe₁₁ bay₁₂ vyatex₁₃ ay₅ tyaf₁₄ ay₅ yefu₁₅ hyuitaxner₁₆ tidyenay₁₇.
ENGLISH: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Anaysis:

1	hyaa	all < hya- [distributive deictic determiner] + -a [adjectival suffix]
2	tobi	human beings < tob....human being [singular noun] + -i [plural suffix]
3	taje	are born < taj-....be born [stem]) + -e [present tense marker]
4	yiva	free < yiv- [stem] + -a [adjectival suffix]
5	ay	and [positive conjunction]
6	gea	equal < ge- [stem] + -a [adjectival suffix]
7	be	at, in [preposition]
8	utfiz	dignity < ut....self [pronoun] + fiz....positive value [noun]
9	doyivi	rights < do(t)-....society + yiv....freedom, right [noun] + -i [plural suffix]
10	yit	they/them < it [3d person singular animate pronoun] + -i [plural]
11	bulwe	are endowed < bul-....endow [verb stem] + -w [passive] + -e [present]
12	bay	with [preposition]
13	vyatex	reason < vya-....true, right + tex....thought
14	tyaf	conscience < t-....know + yaf....ability, faculty
15	yefu	should < yef-....(have a) duty [verb stem] + -u [hypothetical/conditional]
16	hyuitaxner	treat one another < hyuit (comb. of hyut....other person + hyit....same person) + axn-....behave [verb stem] + -er [verbal infinitive marker]
17	tidyenay	in a brotherly way < tid....brother [noun] + -yen....manner + -ay....-ly [adverbial suffix]

Lord's Prayer

Hey₁ yata₂ Twed₃ , hu₄ se₅ be₆ Totmir₇,	Our Father, who art in Heaven,
van₈ eta₉ dyun₁₀ fyadwu₁₁.	Hallowed by thy name.
Van₈ eta₉ edob₁₂ upu₁₃.	Thy kingdom come.
Van₈ eta₉ fwas₁₄ xwu₁₅ be₆ Meir₁₆ hyiyen₁₇ hu₄ xwe₁₈ be₆ Totmir₇.	Thy will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven.
Buu₁₉ yat₂₀ hijub₂₁ yata₂₂ hyajuba₂₃ avol₂₄,	Give us this day our daily bread,
ay₂₅ yovobu₂₆ yat₂₀ bi₂₇ yata₂₂ fuxi₂₈	and forgive us our trespasses
hyiyen₁₇ hu₄ yat₂₀ yovobe₂₉ hati₃₀ hu₄ vyonxe₃₁ yat_20.	as we forgive those who trespass against us.
Ay₂₅ von₃₂ izbu₃₃ yat₂₀ ub₃₄ fuyekuen₃₅,	And lead us not into temptation,
oy₃₆ yivxu₃₇ yat₂₀ bi₂₇ fyox₃₈.	But deliver us from evil.
Su₃₉ huuyen₄₀.	Amen.

Word-for-word analysis:

1	Hey	O! [vocative particle]
2	yata	our < at [1st sing animate pronoun] I/me + -i [plural] + -a' [adjective suffix]
3	Ted	Father < ted....parent
4	hu	who [relative complementizer meaning who(m), that, which]
5	se	am,is,are < s-[present stem of verb ser....to be] + -e [present tense suffix]
6	be	in [preposition of location at]
7	Totmir	Heaven < tot....god + mir....world
8	van	let/may/that [positive complementizer introducing a fact or wish; see 32]
9	eta	your, thy < et [2d sing animate pronoun] you + -a [adjective suffix]
10	dyun	name [noun < verb stem dyu-....to call]
11	fyadwu	be blessed < fya- holy + d- [stem of verb say] + -w- [passive] + -u [hypothetical/imperative/subjunctive mood]
12	edob	kingdom < e- [2nd level of scalar noun dob....state]
13	upu	come < u(b)₃₄- toward + p [stem of verb to go] + -u [hypothetical/imperative/subjunctive mood]
14	fwas	will < f- [stem of verb to want] + -w- [passive voice] + -a [adjective] + -s [inanimate nominalizer thing] = wanted thing
15	xwu	be done < x- [stem of verb to do] + -w- [passive voice] + -u [hyp./imper./subj.]
16	meir	earth" < -i-* '[3d level of scalar noun mer....*planet] = third planet from the sun
17	hyiyen	as" < hyi-* [determiner =* same] + -yen [suffix = manner] hyiyen hu = (in the) same manner that
18	xwe	(it) is done < x- [stem of verb to do] + -w- [passive voice] + -e [present tense]
19	Buu	Give < bu- [stem of verb to give] + -u [hyp./imper./subj.]
20	yat	(to) us < at [1st sing pron I/me] + -i [plural]
21	hijub	today, this day < hi- [proximate determiner this] + jub....day
22	yata	our < at [1st sing pron I/me] + -i [plural] + -a [adjective suffic]
23	hyajuba	daily < hya- [distributive determiner every] + jub....day + -a [adjective suffix]
24	avol	bread [1st level of scalar noun vol....cereal]
25	ay	and [positive conjunction] ( ey [intermediate] = or, oy [negative] = but)
26	yovobu	forgive < yov....guilt, shame + ob [preposition off and stem of verb to remove] + -u [hyp./imper./subj.]
27	bi	from" [preposition meaning "of, from"; opp: bu....to]
28	fuxi	bad deeds [noun] < *fu-'....bad +* -x-....do/deed + -i [plural suffix'
29	yovobe	forgive < yov....guilt, shame + ob [proposition off and stem of verb to remove] + -e [present]
30	hati	the people/those < ha- [definite deictic determiner the] + -t....person + -i [plural suffix]
31	vyonxe	offend < vyon....wrong + -x-....do + -e [present]
32	von	lest, so not, don't [negative complementizer; van [positive] that/so that/let; ven [intermediate] if, whether]
33	izbu	lead, guide < iz....direct, straight + b- [stem of verb put] + -u [hyp./imper./subj.]
34	ub	toward [preposition; opp. ib....away]
35	fuyekuen	temptation < fu-....bad + yek- [stem of verb try] + -u- [causative formant] + -en [present gerund -ing] = causing (someone) to try (something)
36	oy	but [negative conjunction; see 25]
37	yivxu	deliver, free, liberate < yiv-....free + -x-....do, make + -u [hyp./imper./subj.]
38	fyox	evil < fyo-....profane + x....deed
39	su	be < s- [stem of verb to be] + -u [hyp./imper./subj.]
40	huuyen	thus, such a way < huu- [deictic determiner such] + -yen....manner, way

Tower of Babel

The Tower of Babel story in Mirad:

Ha Yabtom bi Babel

Huj, hya meirtobi bea ana dalyen ay yansauna dunyan.

Jehu tobi emuipeya byi ha imeram, yit aakaxa zyimem be ha meam "Xenear" ay yit kyotambia hum.

Ha tobi hyuitda: "Upu, van yat sanxu hegla mefi ay magxu hasi." Huyen, yit bea mefi av sexmegi ay megyel av sexyanul.

Johus, ha tobi da: "Upu, van yat sexu atiutia dom bay yabtom pyusea ha mam. Huyen, yat so yibtrewa ay hus jaebo yata yonzyaben bu hyami bi ha meir."

Ha Oyjobat yopa bi ha mam av teater ha dom bay ha yabtom hu ha meirtobi sexeya.

Johus, ha Oyjobat da, "Teaxu: Yit sanse ana tyob, hu hyati bee yansauna dalyen. His se anay yita aa xal. Johis, hyes hu yit ojtexo so vyamxyafwa.

Upu, van yat yopu hum av yanmulxer yita dalyen von yit hyuittestu gaj."

Johus ha Oyjobat yonzyaba ha tobi yib bi hum ub hyami bi ha meir, ay yit poxa hasexen bi ha dom ay yabtom.

Hus se hasav hu him dyunxwa Babel, be hyua duni: "Yanmulx". Se ham hu ha Oyjobat vyonapxa ha dalyeni bi hya meirtobi ay yonzyaba yit bu hyami bi ha meir.

English translation:

The Tower of Babel
Then, all earthly humans had a single language and a common vocabulary.

While people were migrating from the east, they discovered a plain in the region of Shenear and they settled there.

The people said to one another, "Come on, let's mold some bricks and fire them." Thus, they had bricks for building stones and tar for mortar.

Then, the people said, "Come on, let's build our own city with a tower reaching the sky. In that way, we will be famous and that will prevent us from being scattered all over the earth."

The Eternal one came down from the sky to see the city with the tower the people of earth had constructed.

Then, the Eternal One said, "Behold, they make up one people, all of whom have a common language. This is only their first accomplishment. After this, anything they plan will be realizable."

Come, let us go down there to confuse their language so they won't understand one another anymore."

Then the Eternal one scattered the men far from there to all parts of the earth, and they halted construction of the city and tower.

That is why this place was named Babel, i.e. "Confusion". It is where the Eternal One mixed up the languages of all humans and scattered them all over the earth.

Word-for-word analysis:

ha....the [definite determiner]
yabtom....tower < yab-....high + tom....building
bi....of, from [preposition; opp: bu....to]
Babel [proper name]
huj....then < hu- [distal determiner that] + j [short for job'....time]
hya....all [distributive determiner]
meirtobi....people of earth < meir....earth + tob....human + -i [plural marker]
bea....had < be- [verb stem of to have] + -a [past tense]
ana....a single < a(n)-....one + -a [adjective marker]
dalyen....language < dal....speech + -yen [short for byen/syen....manner/type]
ay....and [positive conjunction; opp: oy....but]
yansauna....common < yan-....together + saun....type + -a [adjective marker]
dunyan....vocabulary < dun'....word + -yan....collection

jehu....while < je....during + hu [relative complementizer] who, which, that
tobi....men, people < tob [noun] person/man/human + -i [plural marker]
emuipeya....were migrating < em....place + ui- = hither-thither + -ey- [progressive aspect] + -a [past tense]
byi....since, starting with [preposition; opp: byu....up to]
imeram....east < i- = right/east + mer....planet + -am....place
yit....they, them < it [3d sing animate pronoun] + -i [plural marker]
aakaxa....discovered < aa....first + kax- [stem of verb find] + -a [past tense marker]
zyimem....a plain < zyi-....flat + mem....land
kyotambia....settled < kyo- = static, fixed + tam....house, home + bi- [stem of verb take] + -a [past tense marker]
hum....there < hu- [distal determiner that] + -m' [suffix of place]

hyuitda....said to one another < hyuit < hyui-....one-another + -t [person suffix] + d- [stem of verb say,tell] + -a [past tense maker]
van....that < [positive complementizer that, let, so that]
yat....we, us [1st plur anim pron]
sanxu....form, mold < san....form + -x-....do/make/-ify + -u [hypothetical/imperative/subjunctive]
hegla....some < he- [indefinite determiner prefix some] + -gla [determiner suffix quantity/amount/degree]
mefi....bricks < mef [noun] brick + -i [plural marker]
magxu....fire,burn < mag- = fire + -x-....do/make/-ify + -u [hypothetical/imperative/subjunctive]
hasi....they, the things < ha- [definite determiner prefix the] + -s [inanimate suffix thing] + -i [plural marker]
huyen....thus, so < hu- [distal determiner prefix that] + -yen [determiner suffix manner]
av....for [preposition; opp: ov....against]
sexmegi....building stones < sex- [stem of verb to build] + meg....stone + -i [plural marker]
megyel....tar, pitch, asphalt < meg....stone + -yel [suffix viscous liquid]
sexyanul....mortar < sex- [stem of verb to build] + yan = together + -ul....substance

johus....then, next < jo....after + hu- [distal determiner prefix that] + -s [inanimate suffix thing]
da....said, told < d [stem of verb say/tell] + -a [past tense marker]
upu....come! < u(b) [preposition] toward + p- [stem of verb go] + -u [imperative]
sexu....build < sex [stem of verb build] + -u [subjunctive] > van yat sexu = let us build
yauta....our own < yat = we/us + yut = selves + -a [adjective marker]
dom....city
bay....with (preposition; opp: boy....without]
yabtom....tower < yab- = high + tom....building
pyusea....reaching < pyus- reach + -e- [present tense] + -a [adjective marker]
mam....sky
so....will be < s- = [stem of verb to be] + -o [future tense]
yibtrewa....famous < yib....far + tre- [stem of verb know/recognize] + -w- [passive voice] + -a [adjective marker]
jaebo....will prevent < ja- before + eb- between, block + -o [future tense marker]
yata....our < yat = we/us + -a [adjective marker]
yonzyaben....dispersal < yon....apart + zya- wide + b- = [stem of verb to put] + -e- [present tense] + -n (nominalizer) = -en [gerund] -ing
bu....to [preposition; opp: bi....from]
hyami....all places, all parts < [distributive determiner prefix hya- all] + [suffix -'m....place + -i [plural marker]
bi....of, from [preposition; opp: bu....to]

Oyjobat....Everlasting One < oy- = without + job....time + -a [adjective marker] + [suffix -t....person] = Jehova
yopa....descended < yo(b)- = down + p- [stem of verb to go] + -a [past tense marker]
av....for [preposition; opp: ov....against]
teater....to see < tea(b)- = eye + t-....know + -er [infinitive ending]
hu....that, which, who [relative complementizer]
sexeya....was/were building < sex- [stem of verb to build] + -ey- [present progressive] + -a [past marker]

teaxu....look! < tea(b)-....eye + x- do/make/-ify + -u [imperative]
sanse....form/constitute < san....form + s- [stem of verb be/become/-ize + -e [present tense marker'
tyob....a people
hyati....all of them < hya- [distributive determiner prefix all] + [suffix -t....person) + -i [plural marker]
bee....has, have < be- [stem of verb to have] + -e [present tense marker]
his....this < [proximal determiner prefix hi-....this] + [suffix -t....thing]
anay....only < a(n)-....one + --ay [adverb ending -ly]
yita....their < yit [3d plur pronoun] they + -a [adjective marker]
aa....first < a-....one + -a [adjective marker]
xal....accomplishment deriv. of x- [stem of verb to do]
johis....then, next < jo....after + his [proximal inanimate determiner] this
hyes hu....whatever < [indiscriminate determiner prefix hye- = any/whichever + [suffix -s....thing] + hu [relative complementizer that]
ojtexo....will plan, envisage < oj-....future + tex-- [stem of verb to think] + -o [future tense marker]
so....will be < s- [stem of verb to be/become] + -o [future tense marker]
vyamxyafwa....realizable < vyam- = real + x- [verb formant do/make/-ize] + -yaf-....able + -w- [pass voice] + -a [adjectival suffix] > possible to be made real

yopu....descend < yo(b)-....down + p- [verb formant to go] + -u [subjunctive marker] > van yat yopu hum....let us go down there
yanmulxer....mix up, confuse < yan-....together + mul....stuff + [verb formant x- do/make/-ify] + -er [infinitive suffix]
von yit hyuittestiu....so they will not understand one another < von [negative complementizer lest, so that...not, don't] yit....they hyuit....one another + tes....meaning + t- [stem of verb know] + -u [subjunctive mood suffix]
gaj....further, anymore < ga-....more + -j....time (short for job....time)

yonzyaba....scattered < yon....apart + zya....wide + [verb formant b-....put] + -a [past tense marker]
yib [adverb] far
ub [preposition] toward; opp: ib away]
poxa....stopped < po- = still + [verb formant x-....do/make/-ify] + -a [past tense marker]
sexen....building < sex- [stem of verb to build] + -e- [present tense marker] + -n [abstract noun]

se....is, are < s-- [stem of verb to be] + -e [present tense marker]
hasav hu....the reason why < [definite determiner prefix ha-....the] + [inanimate suffix -s....thing] + [postposition av....for] hu [relative complementizer that, which, who]
him....here, this place < [proximal determiner prefix hi- this] + [place suffix -m]
dyunxwa....was/were named < dyun....name + [verb formant x- do/make/=ify] + -w- [passive infix] + -a [past tense marker]
be hyua duni....in other words, i.e. < be [preposition] in, at hyua [adjective] other duni [plural noun] duni....words
ham hu....the place where < [definite determiner prefix ha-....the] + [place suffix -m] hu [relative complementizer] which, who, that
vyonapxa....messed up, confused < vyo-....wrong/false + nap....order + [verb formant x- do/make] + -a [past tense marker]

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