Prepositions

Prepositions are words that connect and show a relationship between a noun or noun phrase and the rest of the sentence. In Mirad, prepositions are simple monosyllables or phrases. Prepositions, as in English, are positioned before the noun or noun phrase they connect.

Simple Prepositions

In Mirad, there are single-word and multi-word prepositions. Single-word prepositions are called simple propositions.

Here is a chart of simple prepositions. Most are spatial, but some are temporal, relational, or mathematical.

Simple Prepositions
POSITIVE	NEUTRAL	NEGATIVE
SPATIAL
ab....on, upon	eb....between	ob....off, off of
ayb....over, above	eyb....among, amid	oyb....under, below
bu....to	be....at	bi....from, of
byu....as far as, up to		byi....since, starting with
ub....toward		ib....away from
za....in front of	ze....at the middle of	zo....behind, in back of
zu....(to the) left (of)	zey....across	zi....(to the) right (of)
zya....throughout	zye....through
	yez....along, flush with
TEMPORAL
ja....before	je....during, while	jo....after
ju....until		ji....since
RELATIONAL
bay....with	bey....by, via	boy....without
av....for	vyel....than, as, compared to, about	ov....against
ayv....about		oyv....despite
ay....and	ey....or	oy....but, except
MATHEMATICAL
gab....plus, +		gob....minus, -
gal....times, ×	gel....like ogel....unlike	gol....divided by, ÷
gar....to the power of, ˆ		gor....to the minus power of, √

Examples showing how these single-word prepositions are used:

Ha dyes se ab ha sem.....The book is on the table.
Von pyosu ob ha abtamas!....Don't fall off the roof!
Ha pati papa ayb ata tam.....The birds flew over my house.
It kosa oyb ha yagsim.....He hid under the bench.
Simbiu eb hut ay at.....Take a seat between that person and me.
Yat teje eyb fiati.....We live among good people.
Hos se nax bi pop bu ay bi Boston?....What is the cost of a trip to and from Boston?
His se ifek bi kyen.....This is a game of luck.
Duven et sa be hua duzun zomoj?....Were you at that concert last night?
Yit se embwa be ha zenod bi ha mapil.....We are positioned at the hub of this storm.
Iyt tyoyapa byu ha mis.....She walked up to/as far as the door.
Ha twob tojbwa bey goblar.....The man was killed with/by a knife.
Et xu ga fiay ser bay at vyel boy at.....You would do better to be with me than without me.
Teaxu ib ha amar.....Look away from the sun.
Von teaxu iz ub ha man.....Don't look directly toward the light.
Iyt simpa za at. ....She sat in front of me.
Et yeyfe simbier zo hua toyb.....You should sit in back of that woman.
Embu has zu ha mis.....Put it to the left of the door.
At simpo zi et.....I will sit to the right of you.
Ha pat besa ze ha tim.....The bird stayed in the middle of the room.
Mil upeye zye ha mes.....Water is coming through the door.
At tyoyapu zey ha domep bay gla bik.....I would walk across the street with great care.
His xwo ja zajub. ....This will happen before tomorrow.
Esa mapil je ha moj.....There was a storm during the night.
Ju zamaj.....Until tomorrow morning.
At voy teataye et ji zoyejub.....I have not seen you since last week.
Diwe xu hes av at.....Please do something for me.
Hia dyen se din vyel ewa fiuti.....This book is a story about two lovers.
Datan se ga fia vyel nas.....Friendship is better than money.
Hos se ge fua vyel has hu yat soa zojab.....Nothing is as bad as what we underwent last year.
Yit yexeya ov yat.....They were working against us.
Et ay Bob yeyfe ser dati.....You and Bob should be friends.
Hot ako, et ey at?....Who will win, you or I?
Hyat oy hwut ta ha dud.....Everyone but that guy knew the answer.
Et voy se gel at.....You are not like me.
Et se hyagla ogel at.....You are totally unlike me.
E gab e gese u.....Two plus two equals four.
U gob e gese e.....Four minus two equals two.
E gal e gese u.....Two times two equals four.
E gol e gese a.....Two divided by two equals one.
U gar e gese asya.....Four squared (4²) equals sixteen. (Lit: Four to the power of two...)
Alya gor e gese u.....The square root (√16) of sixteen is four. (Lit: Sixteen to the minus power of two...)

Phrasal Prepositions

Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs

There are certain directional adverbs that can play a part in forming phrasal prepositions, but cannot act as prepositions in and of themselves:

Adverbs Used in Phrasal Prepositions
yub....near		yib....far
yuz....around		yiz....beyond
iz....directly, straight		uz....indirectly, roundabout
yab....up	yeb....in oyeb....out	yob....down
zay....forward, ahead		zoy....back

The next chart lists some phrasal prepositions using the above adverbs:

Phrasal Prepositions Using Adverbs
PHRASAL PREPOSITION	EXAMPLE
yub bi....near to, close to	At fe tujer yub bi et.....I want to sleep close to you.
yib bi....far from	Ha amar se yib bi ha imer.....The sun is far from the earth.
yab bu....up to	It fu paper yab bu ha mam.....He would like to fly up to the sky.
yab bi....up from	Su yab bi ha sim.....Get up from the bed.
yab bey....up (by way of)	Aat tyoyapo yab bey ha meab.....We will walk up the hill.
yab be....up on	Ha yipet kaxwa yab be ha abtammmas.....The cat was found up on the roof.
yob bu....down to	Igpu yob bu ha obmos.....Run down to the cellar.
yob bi....down from	Ha tat upa yob bi ha mam.....The angel came down from the sky.
yob bey....down (by way of)	Iyt igtyoyapa yob bey ha meab.....She ran down the hill.
yob be....down on	Ha dyes kase yob be ha oybmas.....The book is down on the floor.
yob ab....down on	Has kaxwa yob ab eta oybmos.....It was found down on your floor.
yeb be....in, inside	Eta teyd se yeb be ha tam.....Your mother is in(side) the house.
yeb bu....into	It pyasa yeb bu ha mip.....He jumped into the river.
yeb bi....in from	Upu yeb bi ha oma oyebem.....Come in from the cold outdoors.
oyeb be....out in/at	Ha toboti sa oyeb be ha zodeym.....The children were out in the backyard.
oyeb bi....out from	Yepu oyeb bi ha om.....Come in out from the cold.
oyeb bu....out to	Aat fu peper oyeb bu ha meim.....We'd like to ride out to the countryside.
yuz bi....around	Ha pati papa yuz bi yata tam.....The birds flew around our house.
yiz bi....beyond, past	Et paye yiz bi ha yuznad.....You have gone beyond the perimeter.
iz bu....straight to	Pu iz bu fyomir! ....Go straight to hell!
iz zoy bi....right back from	It upu iz zoy bi ha yexim.....He came right back from the office.
zay bu....on to, forth to, ahead to	Ha naadpar popa zay bu zona doym.....The train traveled on to the next town.
zoy bi....back from	At se zoy bi ha yexim.....I am back from the office.
zoy bu....back to	Pu zoy bu ha nam.....Go back to the store.

Phrasal Prepositions Using Nouns

The following chart shows how prepositions and directional adverbs can be joined with the spatial ending -(e)m meaning place (or others) to be form spatial nouns, which, in turn, can be used in idiomatic prepositional phrases:

Spatial Nouns Built on Prepositions or Adverbs
PREPOSITION OR ADVERB	SPATIAL NOUN
ab....on	abem....top abned....upper surface abmas....roof
eb....between	ebem....interstice ebjob....interval ebnod....intersection ebmas....partition
ob....off	obem....bottom obned....lower surface obmas....foundation
ayb....above	aybem....area above aybmas....ceiling
oyb....below	oybem....area below oybmas....floor
yab....up	yabem....upstairs, upper area yabneg....top level
yob....down	yobem....downstairs, lower area yobneg....bottom level
yeb....in	yebem....inside, interior, indoors yebnig....inner space
oyeb....out	yobem....outside, exterior, outdoors
za....in front of	zam....front, foreground zan....face
ze....in the middle of	zem....middle zenod....center, hub zen....center zenad....median
zo....behind	zom....back, rear, background
zi....right	zim....right area zikum....left side ziizon....right direction imer....east
zu....left	zum....left area zukum....left side zuizon....left direction umer....west
iz....straight	izmep....direct route iznad....vector izon....direction
uz....indirectly	uzmep....detour uznad....curve uzon....deviation
yub....near	yubem....vicinity yubkum....near side yubaj....recent past
yib....far	yibem....distance yibkum....far side yibnod....pole yiboj....distant future
yuz....around	yuzem....perifery yuznad....perimeter yuznig....environment
yiz....beyond	yizem....area beyond yiznod....extremity

The following chart shows phrasal prepositions that can be created with the use of the spatial nouns in the previous section or other nouns. These phrases are considered idiomatic, because they are abbreviated by the omission of the definite article ha in front of the noun:

Idiomatic Phrasal Prepositions
be abem bi....at the top of	bu abem bi....to the top of	bi abem bi....from the top of
be obem bi....at the bottom of	bu obem bi....to the bottom of	bi obem bi....from the top of
be ebem bi....in the area between	bu ebem bi....to the area between	bi ebem bi....from the area between
be aybem bi....above, over	bu aybem bi....to the area above	bi aybem bi....from the area above
be oybem bi....below, under	bu oybem bi....to the area below	bi oybem bi....from the area below
be eybem bi....amid	zye eybem bi....through the midst of	bi eybem bi....from the midst of
be zam bi....at the front of	bu zam bi....to the front of	bi zam bi....from the front of
be zem bi....at the middle of	bu zem bi....to the middle of	bi zem bi....from the middle of
be zom bi....at the back of	bu zom bi....to the back of	bi zom bi....from the back of
be zim bi....at the right of	bu zim bi....to the right of	bi zim bi....from the right of
be zum bi....at the left of	bu zum bi....to the left of	bi zum bi....from the left of
be yubem bi....in the vicinity of	bu yubem bi....to the vicinity of	bi yubem bi....from the vicinity of
be yibem bi....at a distance from	bey azon bi....by dint of	be avon bi....in favor of
be ubem bi....in the direction of	bay ux bi....with assistance from	be byux bay....in touch with
be yabem bi....in the upper reaches of	be vyen bu....in relation to	doytaxwa bay....associated with
be yobem bi....in the bottom area of	be ned bi....on the level of	be mep bu....on the way to, en route
be yebem bi....on the inside of, inside	be oyebem bi....on the outside of, outside	bu oyebem bi....to the exterior of
bey mep bi....by way of, via	be kum bi....beside, at the side of	be ij bi....at the start of
be uj bi....at the end of	bey uxun bi....by means of	be kunad bi....at the edge of
be nod bi....at the point of	be yebem bi....at the interior of, inside	be oyebem bi....at the exterior of, outside
be nad bay....in line with	be uznod bi....alongside	be tes bi....in the sense of
be teas bi....in the guise of	be san bi....in the form of	be yanx bi....in conjunction with
be bol bi....in support of	be gab bu....in addition to	be dyun bi....in the name of
be avson bi....on behalf of	be vyeson bi....on the subject of	bay yux bi....with the aid of

Separable Verb Prefixes

Verbal prefixes that formed from prepositions and adverbs can usually be "unpacked", that is, treated as separate words. The following table demonstrates how that works:

Separable Verb Prefixes
yuzper = per yuz....go around, circle	Zyulmap yuzpa yata tam. = Zyulmap pa yuz bi yata tam.....The tornado circled/went around our house.
yobnoger = noger yob....scale down	Ha yux bi yams yeyfe yobnogwer. = Ha yux bi yams yeyfe nogwer yob.....The use of carbon should be downscaled.
zaybuxer = buxer zay....advance, push forward	Aat zaybuxo hia dovyabdren. = Yat buxo hia dovyabdren zay.....We shall advance this legislation.

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