Additional Methods
Apart from additiev and etching processes, there is also a range of processes to alter the materials properties and to characterize them.
Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA)
Wafer Bonding
Electrical Connections
Doping
Ion Implantation
Diffusion Doping
Spin-on doping
Packaging
Interconnections
- Wire bonding
- Flip chip bonding
- Wedge bonding
- Using ZIF sockets
Encapsulation
- Silicone oil
- Spray-on polymers
Glues
- Epo-tek H77 is a common packaging two-component UHV compatible epoxy glue.
- Fortafix makes a high temperature glue that should work up to around 1000 C called Rocksett.
- Vitcas Refractories manufacturer of high temperature glue/adhesives for industrial and domestic use up to 1700 C
Ellipsometry
Ellipsometers are used to measure thin film thicknesses by their optical properties (refractive index and reflectivity/absorbance).
4 Point Measurements
The four-point probe technique can be used to measure the conductivity of thin films. For improved measurements micro four-point probes can be used. Capres has an application note about micro four-point probes.
Atomic Force Microscopy
The Atomic force microscope (AFM) is mainly used to measure the topography of a surface, such as the roughness.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
JEOL has a good guide to SEM image interpretation
Optical Microscopy
Theres a good introduction to optical microscopy from Zeiss.
Vacuum Equipment
- mass flow controllers (MFC) Gas conversion factors and formulas for calculating them
References
See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Microtechnology/About#How to Contribute.