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Table of Contents
Unit I. Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives (5-10%)
- Unit Introduction
- Geography as a field of inquiry
- Evolution of key geographical concepts and models associated with notable geographers
- Key concepts underlying the geographical perspective: location, space, place, scale, pattern, regionalization, and globalization
- Key geographical skills
- How to use and think about maps and spatial data
- How to understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places
- How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes
- How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process
- How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places
- Geographic technologies, such as GIS, remote sensing, and GPS
- Sources of geographical ideas and data: the field, census data, and satellite imagery
Unit II. Population (13–17%)
- Geographical analysis of population
- Density, distribution, and scale
- Implications of various densities and distributions
- Patterns of composition: age, sex, race, and ethnicity
- Population and natural hazards: past, present, and future
- Population growth and decline over time and space
- Historical trends and projections for the future
- Theories of population growth, including the Demographic Transition Model
- Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health
- Regional variations of demographic transitions
- Effects of population policies
- Population movement
- Migration selectivity
- Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales
- Theories of migration, including push and pull factors,human capital, and life course
- International migration and refugees
- Socioeconomic consequences of migration
Unit III. Cultural Patterns and Processes (13–17%)
- Traits
- Diffusion
- Acculturation, assimilation, and globalization
- Cultural regions
- Cultural differences
- Language
- Religion
- Ethnicity
- Gender
- Popular and folk culture
- Cultural landscapes and cultural identity
- Values and preferences
- Symbolic landscapes and sense of place
- Environmental impact of cultural attitudes and practices
Unit IV. Political Organization of Space (13–17%)
- Territorial dimensions of politics
- The concept of territoriality
- The nature and meaning of boundaries
- Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchange
- Federal and unitary states
- Spatial relationships between political patterns and patterns of ethnicity, economy, and environment
- Evolution of the contemporary political pattern
- The nation-state concept
- Colonialism and imperialism
- Democratization
- Changes and challenges to political–territorial arrangements
- Changing nature of sovereignty
- Fragmentation, unification, alliance
- Supranationalism and devolution
- Electoral geography, including gerrymandering
- Terrorism
Unit V. Agriculture and Rural Land Use (13–17%)
- Development and diffusion of agriculture
- Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
- Second Agricultural Revolution
- Green Revolution
- Modern Commercial Agriculture
- Major agricultural production regions
- Agricultural systems associated with major bioclimatic zones
- Variations within major zones and effects of markets
- Linkages and flows among regions of food production and consumption
- Rural land use and settlement patterns
- Models of agricultural land use, including von Thünen’s model
- Settlement patterns associated with major agriculture types
- Land use/land cover change, irrigation, conservation(desertification, deforestation)
- Modern commercial agriculture
- Biotechnology, including genetically modified plants and animals
- Spatial organization and diffusion of industrial agriculture
- Organic farming and local food production
- Environmental impacts of agriculture
Unit VI. Industrialization and Economic Development (13–17%)
- Growth and diffusion of industrialization
- The changing roles of energy and technology
- Industrial Revolution
- Evolution of economic cores and peripheries
- Geographic critiques of models of economic localization(i.e., bid rent, comparative costs of transportation), industrial location, economic development, and world systems
- Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization and development
- Spatial organization of the world economy
- Variations in levels of development
- Deindustrialization and economic restructuring
- Globalization and international division of labor
- Natural resources and environmental concerns
- Sustainable development
- Local development initiatives: government policies
- Women in development
Unit VII. Cities and Urban Land Use (13–17%)
- Development and character of cities
- Origin of cities
- Rural–urban migration and urban growth
- Global cities and megacities
- Suburbanization and edge cities
- Models of urban systems
- Rank-size rule
- Central place theory
- Gravity model
- Models of internal city structure
- Concentric zone model
- Sector model
- Multiple-nuclei model
- Changing employment mix
- Changing demographic and social structures
- Uneven development, ghettoization, and gentrification
- Built environment and social space
- Housing
- Transportation and infrastructure
- Political organization of urban areas
- Urban planning and design
- Patterns of race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status
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