< English in Use

Sound to spelling correspondences

The following table shows for each sound, the various spelling patterns used to denote it. The symbol "•" stands for an intervening consonant. The letter sequences are in order of frequency with the most common first. Some of these patterns are very rare or unique, such as 'au' for the ah sound in laugh.

Consonants
IPAspellingexample
/p/p, pp, ph, pe, ghpill, happy, Phuket, tape, hiccough
/b/b, bb, bh, be, p (in some dialects)bit, rabbit, Bhutan, tribe, thespian
/t/t, tt, ed, pt, th, ct, teten, bitter, topped, ptomaine, thyme, ctenoid, hate
/d/d, dd, ed, dh, de, th (in some dialects)dive, ladder, failed, dharma, made, them
/g/g, gg, gue, gh, gugo, stagger, catalogue, ghost, guilt
/k/c, k, ck, ch, cc, qu, q, cq, cu, que, kk, kh, kecat, key, tack, chord, account, liquor, Iraq, acquaint, biscuit, mosque, trekker, khan, make
/m/m, mm, mb, mn, mh, memine, hammer, climb, hymn, mho, lame
/n/n, nn, kn, gn, pn, nh, cn, ne, mn, ng (in some dialects)nice, funny, knee, gnome, pneumonia, piranha, cnidarian, vane, mnemonic, fighting
/ŋ/ng, n, ngue, nghsing, link, tongue, Singh
/ɹ/r, rr, wr, rh, rrh, reray, parrot, wrong, rhyme, diarrhea, more
/f/f, ph, ff, gh, pph, u, th (in some dialects)fine, physical, off, laugh, sapphire, BR lieutenant, thin
/v/v, vv, f, vevine, savvy, of, have
/θ/th, chth, phth, tththin, chthonic, phthisis, Matthew
/ð/th, thethem, breathe
/s/s, c, ss, sc, st, ps, sch, cc, se, ce, z (in some dialects)song, city, mess, scene, listen, psychology, schism, flaccid, horse, juice, citizen
/z/s, z, x, zz, ss, ze, c (in some dialects)has, zoo, xylophone, fuzz, scissors, breeze, electricity
/ʃ/sh, ti, ci, ssi, si, ss, ch, s, sci, ce, sch, scshin, nation, special, mission, expansion, tissue, machine, sugar, conscience, ocean, schist, crescendo
/ʒ/si, s, g, z, j, zh, ti, sh (in some dialects)division, leisure, genre, seizure, jeté, Zhytomyr, equation, Pershmg
/tʃ/ch, t, tch, ti, c, cz, tschchin, nature, batch, mention, cello, Czech, Deutschmark
/dʒ/g, j, dg, d, di, gi, ge, dj, ggmagic, jump, ledger, graduate, soldier, Belgian, dungeon, Djibouti, suggest
/h/h, wh, j, chhe, whom, fajita, chutzpah
/j/y, i, j, llyes, onion, hallelujah, tortilla
/l/l, ll, lh, leline, hall, Lhasa, rule
/w/w, u, o, ou, wh (in most dialects)we, queen, choir, Ouija board, what
/ʍ/wh (in some dialects)wheel
Vowels
IPAspellingexample
/i/e, y, ee, ea, e•e, i•e, ie, ei, ei•e, ey, ae, ay, oe, eo, is, eip, ie▪e, i, ea▪e, it, eigh, oisbe, city, bee, beach, cede, machine, field, deceit, deceive, key, Caesar, quay, amoeba, people, debris, receipt, believe, ski, leave, esprit, Raleigh, chamois
/ɪ/i, i•e, a•e, y, ie, ui, ei, ee, e, ia, u, o, u▪e, eig, ie•ebit, give, damage, myth, mischief, build, counterfeit, been, pretty, carriage, busy, women, minute, sovereign, sieve
/u/oo, u, o, u•e, ou, ew, ue, o•e, ui, eu, oe, ough, wo, ioux, ieu, ault, ouptool, luminous, who, flute, soup, jewel, true, lose, fruit, maneuver, canoe, through, two, Sioux, US lieutenant, Sault Sainte Marie, coup
/ʊ/u, oo, ou, o, wfull, look, should, wolf, cwm
/ei/a, a•e, ai, ay, eigh, ea, ei, ey, au, et, er, ee, aigh, ie, eig, egpaper, rate, rain, pay, eight, steak, veil, obey, gauge, ballet, dossier, matinee, straight, US lingerie, reign, thegn
/ə/a, e, o, u, ai, ou, eig, y, ah, ough, ghanother, anthem, awesome, atrium, mountain, callous, foreign, beryl, Messiah, BR borough, Edinburgh
/o(u)/o, o•e, oa, ow, ou, oe, oo, eau, oh, ew, au, aoh, oughso, bone, boat, know, soul, foe, brooch, beau, oh, sew, mauve, pharoah, furlough
/ɛ/e, ea, a, ai, ie, eo, u, ae, ay, ei, ue, eb, egmet, weather, many, said, friend, jeopardy, bury, aesthetic, says, heifer, guess, debt, phlegm
/æ/a, au, ai, a▪e, al, ag, achhand, laugh, plaid, have, salmon, diaphragm, drachm
/ʌ/u, o, ou, o•e, oo, oesun, son, touch, come, flood, does
/ɔ/a, au, aw, ough, augh, oa, al, uofall, author, jaw, bought, caught, broad, walk, BR fluorine
/ɑ/o, a, eau, achlock, watch, bureaucracy, yacht
/ai/i•e, i, y, igh, ie, ei, eigh, uy, ai, ey, ye, eye, y▪e, ae, ais, is, ig, ic, ayfine, Christ, try, high, tie, eidos, height, buy, ailurophobia, geyser, dye, eye, type, maestro, aisle, isle, sign, indict, tayra
/ɑr/ar, er, ear, a•e, aacar, sergeant, heart, are, bazaar
/εr/er, ar, ere, are, aire, eir, air, aastationery, stationary, where, ware, millionaire, heir, hair, Aaron
/ɔɪ/oi, oy, aw, uoy oy•efoil, toy, lawyer, buoy, gargoyle
/aʊ/ou, ow, ough, auout, now, bough, tau
/ɚ/er, or, ur, ir, yr, our, ear, err, eur, yrrh, ar, oeu, olofern, worst, turn, thirst, myrtle, courage, earth, err, amateur, myrrh, grammar, hors d'oeuvre, colonel
/yu/u, u•e, eu, ue, iew, eau, ieu, ueue, ui, ewe, ewmusic*, use, feud, cue, view, beautiful*, adieu*, queue, nuisance*, ewe, few, * in some dialects
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