A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Halogens

Gallery

Cl₂(g) in a gas jar
gaseous chlorine consists of separate diatomic Cl₂ molecules
crystals of I₂(s)
solid iodine consists of very closely packed I₂ molecules

Diatomic halogen molecules

halogen	molecule	d(X−X) / pm (gas phase)	d(X−X) / pm (solid phase)
fluorine	F₂	143	149
chlorine	Cl₂	199	198
bromine	Br₂	228	227
iodine	I₂	266	272

Fluorine

Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table, and is also the most reactive. Flourine is a special case as Fluorine has anomalous properties due to its small size. It has a lower electron affinity than Chlorine due to electron repulsions in the overcrowded outer shell. However, it is a stronger oxidising agent than Chlorine due to its unusually low bond energy. This is due to the repulsions between outer electrons in the F₂ molecule.

Chlorine

Bromine

Iodine

Astatine

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